Psychology | Lecture 1
Psychology | Lecture 1
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Quiz Questions (22 questions)
1. According to Bowlby’s theory, secure attachment is characterized by an infant's ability to seek comfort from a caregiver and display pleasure upon their return.
2. Latency, in Freud's theory of psychosexual development, is a stage where sexual interests are relatively dormant, and the child focuses on social and intellectual pursuits.
3. Erikson's Integrity versus despair stage involves reflecting on one's life and either feeling a sense of satisfaction or despair.
4. In psychoanalytic theory, the superego contains the ego ideal, which represents the standards of perfection and morality that the individual strives for.
5. Object permanence, according to Piaget’s theories of cognitive development, is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight.
6. Stranger anxiety is a normal developmental stage in infants, typically around 9 months, where they exhibit distress when approached by unfamiliar adults.
7. Stranger anxiety is common in normal infants as a part of their cognitive and emotional development.
8. Erikson’s developmental theories place greater emphasis on cultural factors in development compared to Freud's theories.
9. Identification with the aggressor is a defense mechanism where a person adopts the characteristics of someone who is threatening to them.
10. Reaction formation is a defense mechanism where a person acts in the opposite way to how they truly feel.
11. Acting out is a defense mechanism where a person expresses unconscious emotions or impulses through behavior.
12. Rationalization is a defense mechanism where a person justifies unacceptable behaviors or feelings with logical reasons.
13. Sublimation is a defense mechanism where a person channels unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable behaviors.
14. The anal stage in Freudian theory is associated with the development of control and independence, often manifested as oppositional behavior in toddlers.
15. The oral stage in Freudian theory is characterized by pleasure centered around the mouth, such as sucking and feeding.
16. The Oedipal stage is a psychosexual stage where a child develops feelings of attraction towards the opposite-sex parent.
17. Individual psychology theory was not proposed by Sigmund Freud.
18. Accommodating the ego ideal is not a function of the ego.
19. Isolation is not a mature defense mechanism.
20. MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) is not a projective test.
21. The concrete operational stage, in Piaget’s developmental model, is when a child understands conservation, recognizing that the amount of a substance remains the same despite changes in appearance.
22. Kohut primarily focused on the importance of early interpersonal experiences in the development of a cohesive and stable sense of self.
Previous Exam Questions (44 questions)
1. According to Bowlby’s theory, secure attachment is characterized by a child's ability to seek comfort from a caregiver when distressed and to greet them with pleasure upon their return, indicating a healthy and trusting relationship.
2. According to Sigmund Freud’s theory of psychosexual development, the latency stage is characterized by a focus on intellectual and social pursuits rather than sexual urges, with the child's energy directed towards school, hobbies, and peer relationships.
3. According to Erikson, the integrity versus despair stage is the final stage of psychosocial development, occurring in late adulthood, where individuals reflect on their lives and either feel a sense of accomplishment and integrity or a sense of regret and despair.
4. In psychoanalytic theory, the superego contains the ego ideal, which represents the internalized standards of perfection and morality that the individual strives to achieve, influencing feelings of pride and self-worth.
5. According to Piaget’s theories of cognitive development, object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight, typically developing during the sensory-motor stage, enabling the child to search for hidden objects.
6. Stranger anxiety is a normal developmental stage in infants, typically emerging around 9 months of age, characterized by distress and wariness in the presence of unfamiliar adults, reflecting the infant's increasing ability to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar individuals.
7. Stranger anxiety is a common and normal behavior in infants, reflecting their developing ability to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people, and is not necessarily indicative of future anxiety disorders or insecure attachment.
8. Erikson’s developmental theories differ from Freud’s in that Erikson placed greater emphasis on cultural factors in development, considering the impact of social and cultural influences on an individual's psychosocial development across the lifespan.
9. Identification with the aggressor is a defense mechanism where a person adopts the characteristics of someone perceived as threatening, often seen in situations where the individual has been victimized.
10. Reaction formation is a defense mechanism where a person behaves in a manner opposite to their true feelings or impulses, often exaggerated and intended to conceal underlying emotions.
11. Acting out is a defense mechanism where emotional conflicts are expressed through actions rather than feelings, often impulsive or destructive behaviors.
12. Rationalization is a defense mechanism where a person justifies unacceptable behaviors or feelings with logical reasons to avoid facing the true underlying motives.
13. Sublimation is a mature defense mechanism where unacceptable impulses or desires are transformed into socially acceptable behaviors, such as expressing aggression through sports or art.
14. According to Freudian theory, the anal stage is characterized by a focus on control and autonomy, often manifested as oppositional behavior and struggles with toilet training, typically occurring around 2 years of age.
15. According to Freudian theory, the oral stage is the first stage of psychosexual development, characterized by a focus on oral gratification through sucking, biting, and other oral activities, typically occurring in infancy.
16. According to Freudian theory, the Oedipal stage is characterized by a child's unconscious sexual desire for the opposite-sex parent and rivalry with the same-sex parent, typically occurring during the phallic stage around 4 years of age.
17. Individual psychology theory was not proposed by Sigmund Freud, it was proposed by Alfred Adler, emphasizing the importance of individual feelings of inferiority and the drive for superiority in shaping personality and behavior.
18. Accommodating the ego ideal is a function of the superego, not the ego, the ego functions include control and regulation of the instinctual drives, capacity to form mutually satisfying relationships, rational judgment, and mediation between the internal world and external reality.
19. Isolation is not a mature defense mechanism, it is a neurotic defense mechanism, mature defense mechanisms include humor, sublimation, altruism, and anticipation.
20. The MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) is not a projective test, it is an objective personality test consisting of true/false questions, while projective tests such as the Rorschach ink-blot test, Thematic Apperception Test, Sentence completion test, and Draw a person test rely on ambiguous stimuli to elicit unconscious thoughts and feelings.
21. According to Piaget's developmental model, the concrete operational stage is characterized by the ability to understand conservation, which is the understanding that the amount of a substance remains the same even when its appearance changes, typically attained around 7-11 years old.
22. Kohut primarily focused on the importance of early interpersonal experiences in the development of a cohesive and stable sense of self, emphasizing the role of empathy and mirroring in the formation of self-esteem and identity.
23. According to Bowlby’s theory, a child who displays pleasure and outstretched arms upon their mother’s return, after the mother promptly responds to the infant’s distress cries and is well attuned to his cues, exhibits behavior characteristic of secure attachment, which is a healthy and adaptive attachment style indicating that the child trusts the caregiver will consistently meet their needs, fostering emotional security and resilience.
24. According to Sigmund Freud’s theory of psychosexual development, a 10-year-old child who is very interested in school, proud of athletic achievements, gets along with peers and parents, and under stress becomes overfocused on details and slightly obsessive is in the latency stage, which is characterized by a relative dormancy of sexual urges and a focus on developing social and intellectual skills.
25. According to Erikson, a 70-year-old woman who has had multiple face-lifts, always wears makeup, forbids her grandchildren to call her "grandmother," and lies about her age is having difficulty mastering the integrity versus despair stage, which involves reflecting on one's life with a sense of satisfaction and acceptance, versus feeling regret and bitterness.
26. In psychoanalytic theory, the superego contains the ego ideal, which represents the internalized standards of morality and values that the individual strives to achieve, leading to feelings of pride and self-worth when these standards are met.
27. According to Piaget’s theories of cognitive development, a 29-month-old boy who retrieves a ball that rolls under a couch demonstrates object permanence, which is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight, a key milestone in the sensory-motor stage.
28. A healthy 9-month-old girl who previously was friendly with everyone, but now bursts into tears when approached by an unfamiliar adult, is most likely experiencing stranger anxiety, which is a normal developmental phenomenon characterized by distress and wariness in the presence of unfamiliar people, typically emerging around 6-8 months of age.
29. A healthy 9-month-old girl, previously very friendly with everyone, now bursts into tears when she is approached by an unfamiliar adult, this behavior is common in normal infants, reflecting a typical stage of development where infants become more aware of and sensitive to unfamiliar people.
30. Erikson’s developmental theories differ from Freud’s in that Erikson placed greater emphasis on cultural factors in development, highlighting the influence of social and historical contexts on individual psychosocial development across the lifespan, unlike Freud’s primary focus on psychosexual stages and instinctual drives.
31. A child is hit by his father for breaking a valuable vase; one hour later, he slaps his little sister for dropping his toy train. This is an example of identification with the aggressor, which is a defense mechanism where the individual adopts the characteristics or behaviors of an aggressor to cope with feelings of fear or helplessness.
32. A teacher does not like one of her students, although she believes that she should be completely impartial. She makes exaggerated efforts to be helpful and uncritical toward the student. This is an example of reaction formation, which is a defense mechanism where an individual behaves in a way that is directly opposite to their true feelings or impulses.
33. A psychotherapist is irritated with one of his patients, who consistently tries to put him down. Contrary to his usual punctuality, the therapist seems unable to start this patient’s sessions on time. This is an example of acting out, which is a defense mechanism where unconscious emotional conflicts are expressed through behavior rather than conscious awareness or verbalization.
34. A man cheats on his tax returns and justifies himself with the thought that the government wastes most of the tax money anyway. This is an example of rationalization, which is a defense mechanism where an individual creates seemingly logical or socially acceptable explanations to justify unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.
35. A writer of mystery novels who has never had legal problems jokes about his “dark side” and his hidden fantasies about leading an exciting life of crime. This is an example of sublimation, which is a mature defense mechanism where unacceptable impulses or desires are transformed into socially acceptable and even productive activities.
36. Two young parents are worried because their once happy-go-lucky infant has become oppositional and obstinate since he turned 2. Their psychologically oriented pediatrician assures them that the child’s behavior is age appropriate and represents the anal stage, which is characterized by conflicts around toilet training and control, leading to behaviors such as stubbornness and defiance.
37. A 6-month-old puts everything in her mouth and can fall asleep only if she sucks on her pacifier. This exemplifies the oral stage, which is the first stage in Freud's psychosexual development theory, where the infant's primary source of pleasure and gratification is through oral activities like sucking, biting, and feeding.
38. A 4-year-old girl loves her father’s attention and tells him she will marry him when she grows up. This illustrates the Oedipal stage, which is a phase in psychosexual development where a child develops feelings of attraction towards the opposite-sex parent and rivalry towards the same-sex parent.
39. Individual psychology theory was not proposed by Sigmund Freud; this theory was developed by Alfred Adler, and it emphasizes the individual's striving for superiority and the importance of social context in shaping personality.
40. All of the following are functions of the ego EXCEPT accommodating the ego ideal; instead, the superego is responsible for incorporating the ego ideal, which represents internalized standards and values.
41. Isolation is not considered a mature defense mechanism; mature defense mechanisms include humor, sublimation, altruism, and anticipation, which are adaptive ways of dealing with stress and conflict.
42. MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) is NOT a projective test; instead, it is an objective, standardized test used to assess personality traits and psychopathology, unlike projective tests like the Rorschach ink-blot test, Thematic Apperception Test, Sentence completion test, and Draw a person test.
43. A boy who recognizes that the amount of water remains the same when transferred from a tall narrow glass to a wide-mouthed glass has likely attained the concrete operational stage of Piaget’s developmental model, which is characterized by the ability to understand conservation, reversibility, and logical thinking about concrete objects and events.
44. Kohut primarily focused on the importance of early interpersonal experiences in the development of a cohesive and stable sense of self through self-object relationships and empathic mirroring.
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Alright man, let me break down these quiz questions for you in a way that actually makes sense. This is really important stuff for understanding people and their behavior, so pay attention. **Quiz Question 1: According to Bowlby’s theory, secure attachment is characterized by an infant's ability to...
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