PMS | Lecture 30
PMS | Lecture 30
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Quiz Questions (13 questions)
1. Autosomes are 22 pairs of matching chromosomes.
2. The sex chromosomes are one pair.
3. The sex chromosomes are responsible for sex determination.
4. If the sex pair is XX the individual is genetically female.
5. If the pair is XY the individual is genetically male.
6. One chromosome of the sex pair is derived from the maternal gamete (the oocyte) and always of X type.
7. One chromosome of the sex pair is derived from sperm and either X or Y type.
8. The gamete contains a haploid number of chromosomes.
9. The primordial germ cells contain 46 single chromosomes.
10. Synapsis and Crossing over occurs in prophase of first meiosis.
11. Chromosomal pattern of Down syndrome is 45 - XY.
12. Ploidy refers to number of chromosomes in each cell.
13. Gametes contains haploid number of chromosomes.
Previous Exam Questions (32 questions)
1. Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces four genetically distinct haploid daughter cells, not two diploid daughter cells in Meiosis I, it occurs through two stages (Meiosis I) followed by (Meiosis II) so one cell divides twice to form four daughter cells.
2. Each human cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, sex chromosomes are one pair, and chromosomes are thread-like structures but sex chromosomes are called gonosomes not autosomes (autosomes are the 22 pairs of non-sex chromosomes).
3. Mitosis is a type of cell division resulting in the formation of two genetically identical daughter cells, not four genetically diverse daughter cells, it is not division of germ cells, and it does not involve crossing over of chromosomes.
4. A human somatic cell (any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells) contains 46 chromosomes, which are arranged as 23 pairs, not 22 pairs of autosomes, and not 24 pairs including sex chromosomes.
5. During metaphase of mitosis, chromosomes line up in the equatorial plane of the cell, during prophase chromosomes condense, during anaphase sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles, and during telophase the cell divides into two daughter cells.
6. A key feature of crossover in meiosis is the interchange of chromatid segments between homologous chromosomes, not the exchange of centromeres, not the alignment of chromosomes in the equator, and not the migration of chromatids to opposite poles.
7. Klinefelter syndrome is associated with a karyotype of 47, XXY, Down syndrome is associated with trisomy 21 (47, XX or XY, +21), Turner syndrome is associated with a karyotype of 45, X, and Edwards syndrome is associated with trisomy 18 (47, XX or XY, +18).
8. During non-disjunction in meiosis, homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to separate properly, resulting in one cell receiving 24 chromosomes and another receiving 22, homologous chromosomes do pair, sister chromatids don't separate normally, and the cell does not divide into four identical cells.
9. During telophase of mitosis, the chromosomes uncoil and the nuclear envelope reforms, during prophase chromosomes condense, during metaphase chromosomes align at the equator, and during anaphase sister chromatids separate.
10. Crossover increases genetic variability during meiosis, not metaphase alignment, not mitosis, and not chromatid separation.
11. A critical event in meiosis I that results in enhancement of genetic variability is crossover.
12. The chromosomal pattern of Turner syndrome is 45, X (or 45, XO).
13. During fertilization, the fusion of a sperm and an ovum restores the diploid number of chromosomes.
14. The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis is known as crossover.
15. Trisomy 21, a chromosomal abnormality, is commonly known as Down syndrome.
16. During the anaphase stage of mitosis, chromatids move to opposite poles of the spindle.
17. Meiosis I produces 2 haploid daughter cells, because homologous chromosomes separate during Meiosis I, resulting in daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This reduction is crucial for maintaining the correct chromosome number after fertilization.
18. Sex chromosomes are called allosomes, and they determine the sex of an individual. In humans, females typically have two X chromosomes (XX), while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY).
19. Mitosis describes the formation of two genetically identical daughter cells, a process essential for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction in eukaryotic organisms. The resulting daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and genetic information as the parent cell.
20. There are 46 chromosomes in a human somatic cell, organized as 23 pairs. One set is inherited from each parent, ensuring genetic diversity. Somatic cells include all cells in the body except sperm and egg cells.
21. During metaphase of mitosis, chromosomes line up in the equatorial plane, also known as the metaphase plate. This alignment ensures that each daughter cell receives a complete and identical set of chromosomes.
22. A key feature of crossover in meiosis is the interchange of chromatid segments, which results in genetic recombination. This process increases genetic diversity by creating new combinations of alleles on the chromosomes. Crossover occurs during prophase I of meiosis.
23. Klinefelter syndrome is associated with a karyotype of 47, XXY, where males have an extra X chromosome. This genetic condition can lead to hypogonadism, reduced muscle mass, and infertility.
24. During non-disjunction in meiosis, one cell receives 24 chromosomes, another 22, because homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to separate properly. This can lead to aneuploidy, a condition where cells have an abnormal number of chromosomes, resulting in genetic disorders.
25. During telophase of mitosis, the chromosomes uncoil and the nuclear envelope reforms, marking the final stage of cell division. The cell prepares to divide into two identical daughter cells.
26. Crossover increases genetic variability during meiosis, resulting in the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes. This process creates new combinations of alleles, enhancing the genetic diversity of offspring.
27. A critical event in meiosis I results in enhancement of genetic variability through crossover, where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material. This process, also known as genetic recombination, ensures that each gamete receives a unique combination of genes, promoting diversity in offspring.
28. The chromosomal pattern of Turner syndrome is 44-XO OR 45-XO, indicating that affected individuals have only one X chromosome and are missing the other sex chromosome. This condition typically affects females and can result in various developmental and health issues, including short stature, ovarian dysgenesis, and heart defects.
29. During fertilization, the fusion of a sperm and an ovum restores the diploid number of chromosomes, which is 46 in humans. The sperm and ovum, each containing 23 chromosomes (haploid), combine to form a zygote with the full complement of chromosomes, ensuring proper genetic inheritance.
30. The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis is known as crossover, a crucial event during prophase I. Crossover facilitates genetic recombination, leading to increased genetic diversity in offspring by creating new combinations of alleles.
31. Trisomy 21, a chromosomal abnormality, is commonly known as Down syndrome, characterized by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21. This genetic disorder leads to intellectual disability, characteristic facial features, and other health issues.
32. During the anaphase stage of mitosis, chromatids move to opposite poles of the spindle, which is a structure composed of microtubules that facilitates the separation of chromosomes. This ensures that each daughter cell receives a complete and identical set of chromosomes.
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PMSLecture30
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**Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance** The study of genetics is fundamental to understanding human biology and disease. Humans possess approximately 35,000 genes distributed across 46 chromosomes. These chromosomes are organized into 23 homologous pairs within **somatic cells**, establishing a **dip...
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What is the chromosomal pattern of Turner Syndrome?
The chromosomal pattern of Turner Syndrome is 45, X (or 45, XO), indicating the...
What is the number of chromosomes in a human somatic cell?
A human somatic cell contains 46 chromosomes arranged as 23 pairs. One set is in...
What is the diploid number in human somatic cells, and how i...
The diploid number in human somatic cells is 46 (2n). It is achieved through the...
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