CBF | Lectures 26 and 27
CBF | Lectures 26 and 27
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Quiz Questions (3 questions)
1. A subthreshold stimulus does not lead to an action potential, as the stimulus strength is insufficient to reach the threshold potential needed to trigger an action potential in excitable cells such as neurons or muscle fibers.
2. The rheobase is defined as the minimal stimulus strength required to activate a muscle or nerve fiber. It represents the least amount of current needed to cause a depolarization resulting in an action potential.
3. A monophasic potential referred to as the 'current of injury' occurs when there is damage to a nerve or muscle, resulting in an electrical potential difference between the injured and uninjured portions.
Previous Exam Questions (13 questions)
1. The 'All or None' rule is a principle of muscle and nerve physiology. In option A, a minimal stimulus produces a maximal response, which is correct in the context of this rule. Option C states that a nerve trunk either responds maximally or doesn't respond at all, which is also correct. However, option B is incorrect; the response in a single nerve fiber does not increase with increased intensity of stimulus. Option D suggests a minimal stimulus produces a minimal response, which is incorrect as per the 'All or None' rule.
2. The absolute refractory period of a nerve cell membrane is the period during which no stimulus, no matter how strong, can initiate another action potential. Option C correctly states that no stimulus will produce an action potential during this period. Option A, which suggests that a larger than normal stimulus is required, actually describes the relative refractory period, not the absolute refractory period.
3. Rheobase is defined as the minimal stimulus strength required to activate a muscle, as stated in option C. It is a measure of the excitability of a nerve or muscle fiber. Option B, which refers to the least duration required with a stimulus strength of twice the rheobase, actually describes Chronaxie, not Rheobase.
4. Chronaxie is the time required for an electric current of twice the intensity of the rheobase to stimulate a muscle or neuron. This is correctly defined in option B. Chronaxie provides insight into the responsiveness of nerve or muscle tissue to electrical stimulation.
5. A monophasic potential is called a negative after potential, as indicated in option A. This is a phase following an action potential where the membrane potential is temporarily more negative than the resting potential.
6. Lidocaine acts as a local anesthetic by blocking voltage-gated Na+ channels, as mentioned in option D. This prevents the initiation and propagation of action potentials in sensory neurons, effectively reducing excitability and numbing the area.
7. The myelination of large nerve fibers results in the generation of action potentials only at the nodes of Ranvier, as stated in option B. This is due to the 'saltatory conduction' where impulses jump from node to node, increasing the speed of conduction.
8. In nerve fibers with myelin sheaths, electrical conduction is 'saltatory,' meaning it propagates at higher speed, as stated in option A. Saltatory conduction is more efficient and faster because action potentials jump between the nodes of Ranvier rather than traveling along the entire length of the axon membrane.
9. Saltatory conduction occurs at the myelinated nerve fibers, synapses, and the motor end plate or myoneural junction, which increases the velocity of conduction by allowing the electrical impulse to jump from node to node. This jump limits depolarization to the nodes of Ranvier, minimizing sodium leakage and conserving energy by reducing the work needed by the sodium-potassium pump to expel sodium ions.
10. Myelinated axons require less energy than unmyelinated axons of the same diameter and length because depolarization is limited to the nodes of Ranvier. This restriction of depolarization minimizes sodium leakage, thereby reducing the workload on the sodium-potassium pump needed to restore ion balance after an action potential.
11. Factors that decrease the excitability of nerves include the inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels and increased activity of potassium channels. By blocking sodium channels, the influx of sodium ions necessary for action potential initiation is prevented, reducing nerve excitability. Enhanced potassium channel activity also stabilizes the resting membrane potential, making it harder for nerves to reach the threshold required for action potential generation.
12. The strength-duration curve is a graphical representation of the minimum strength of a stimulus (current) required to elicit a response at varying durations. It is significant in electrotherapy and neuromuscular stimulation, helping to understand the relationship between the strength and duration of a stimulus needed to excite a nerve or muscle. This relationship is crucial for determining the appropriate parameters for therapeutic interventions.
13. Lidocaine decreases nerve excitability by blocking sodium channels, thereby preventing the influx of sodium ions necessary for the generation and propagation of action potentials. This blockade stops the transmission of nerve impulses along the nerve fibers, rendering the affected area insensitive to pain stimuli, which is particularly useful during dental procedures.
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CBFLectures26and27
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**Membrane Potential and Action Potential** Understanding the **membrane potential** and the **action potential** is crucial for comprehending how excitable tissues like nerves and muscles operate. The **membrane potential** refers to the electrical potential difference across a cell's plasma membr...
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What is a subthreshold stimulus and its consequence in excit...
A subthreshold stimulus does not lead to an action potential because the stimulu...
What factors affect the conduction velocity of nerve fibers?
The conduction velocity of nerve fibers is affected by the diameter of the nerve...
Define rheobase and its significance in muscle and nerve act...
Rheobase is defined as the minimal stimulus strength required to activate a musc...
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