CBF | Lectures 19 and 20
CBF | Lectures 19 and 20
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Quiz Questions (5 questions)
1. The citric acid cycle, also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle or Krebs cycle, is an amphibolic pathway. This means it plays a dual role in both catabolic and anabolic processes within the cell.
2. The carboxylation of pyruvate into oxaloacetate is an anaplerotic reaction. This process replenishes oxaloacetate levels in the citric acid cycle, ensuring its continuity in energy metabolism.
3. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex both require COASH (Coenzyme A), TPP (thiamine pyrophosphate), NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide), and lipoate for oxidative decarboxylation reactions, crucial for energy production.
4. The continuity of the tricarboxylic acid cycle depends on the regeneration of oxaloacetic acid. This four-carbon compound is a key component that reacts with acetyl-CoA to continue the cycle.
5. The dehydrogenation of succinic acid to fumaric acid involves flavoprotein as a hydrogen carrier. This step is part of the electron transport chain, which is critical for ATP generation.
Previous Exam Questions (20 questions)
1. The entry of pyruvate into the citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) is inhibited by a high cellular concentration of NADH. NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is an important molecule that signals an abundance of reduced energy carriers, thus downregulating the entry of substrates into the TCA cycle to prevent excess energy production.
2. The pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme catalyzes an oxidative decarboxylation reaction, converting pyruvate into acetyl-CoA. This reaction is crucial because acetyl-CoA is the entry molecule for the TCA cycle, linking glycolysis and the TCA cycle. This enzyme is located in the mitochondrial matrix, and its activity is essential for aerobic energy production.
3. The oxidation of succinate in the citric acid cycle is not coupled to the production of NADH. Instead, succinate is converted to fumarate by succinate dehydrogenase, producing FADH2, another important electron carrier that enters the electron transport chain.
4. The conversion of succinate to fumarate in the TCA cycle requires a cofactor synthesized with the help of riboflavin (vitamin B2). Riboflavin is a precursor for FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide), which is essential for the function of succinate dehydrogenase, the enzyme catalyzing this conversion.
5. The tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) is involved in the generation of energy from pyruvate, synthesis of amino acids, and synthesis of fatty acids. This cycle is central to cellular metabolism, providing energy, building blocks for biosynthesis, and intermediates for various metabolic pathways.
6. The enzyme ฮฑ-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase shows reduced activity in the brain under conditions of chronic alcohol consumption, leading to symptoms like confusion and ataxia. This enzyme is part of the TCA cycle and is sensitive to thiamine deficiency, which is common in alcoholics, leading to impaired energy metabolism in the brain.
7. The intermediate of the Kreb's cycle utilized in the formation of amino acids is ฮฑ-ketoglutaric acid. This compound is a key substrate for the synthesis of glutamate, an amino acid that serves as a precursor for other non-essential amino acids and neurotransmitters.
8. During intense aerobic exercise, carbons derived from glucose enter the citric acid cycle in the form of Acetyl-CoA. This molecule is vital for the TCA cycle, as it combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, initiating the cycle's series of reactions for energy production.
9. The primary function of the tricarboxylic acid cycle is aerobic cellular energy production. The cycle oxidizes acetyl-CoA to carbon dioxide, generating NADH and FADH2, which are then used in the electron transport chain to produce ATP, the cell's main energy currency.
10. All processes occur in red cells except the TCA cycle. Red blood cells lack mitochondria, which are essential for the TCA cycle. Instead, they rely on glycolysis, the bi-phosphoglycerate shunt, and the hexose monophosphate (HMP) shunt for energy production.
11. The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is catalyzed by the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase, during which NAD is reduced to NADH. This reaction is a crucial step in linking glycolysis with the TCA cycle, enabling further oxidative energy production.
12. The liver is the most important organ for the maintenance of blood glucose, especially during times of fasting or stress. It regulates blood glucose levels through glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the Cori cycle, ensuring a constant supply of glucose for bodily functions.
13. The energy-rich thioester molecule succinyl CoA is an important citric acid cycle intermediate. It can undergo conversion to succinate, which is a step in the citric acid cycle that contributes to the production of energy. Alternatively, succinyl CoA is involved in heme biosynthesis, playing a crucial role in the formation of heme, an essential component of hemoglobin and various cytochromes.
14. The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondria of the cell, which are the powerhouses responsible for generating most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy.
15. The TCA cycle produces two molecules of CO2 per acetyl-CoA. This release of carbon dioxide is a result of the oxidative decarboxylation reactions within the cycle, which are vital for the process of cellular respiration.
16. The primary function of the TCA cycle is the oxidation of acetyl-CoA to carbon dioxide. This process is essential for the generation of high-energy molecules like NADH and FADH2, which are used in the electron transport chain to produce ATP.
17. Isocitrate dehydrogenase is activated by ADP, which indicates a low energy state in the cell, thus stimulating the enzyme to produce more ATP. It is inhibited by NADH and ATP, which signal high-energy availability and therefore reduce the cycle's activity to prevent unnecessary energy expenditure.
18. The citric acid cycle has an amphibolic nature, meaning it is involved in both catabolism and anabolism. This dual role allows the cycle to contribute to the breakdown of macronutrients for energy, as well as the synthesis of important biological molecules.
19. The enzyme pyruvate carboxylase catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate in an anaplerotic reaction. This reaction replenishes oxaloacetate, a key intermediate in the citric acid cycle, thus maintaining the cycle's efficiency and capacity for energy production.
20. The major coenzymes produced by the TCA cycle that are used in the electron transport chain are NADH and FADH2. These molecules carry electrons to the electron transport chain, where they undergo a series of redox reactions to drive ATP synthesis.
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CBFLectures19and20
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**Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) and Its Comprehensive Role in Metabolism** The **citric acid cycle**, also known as the **tricarboxylic acid cycle** (TCA cycle) or **Krebs cycle**, is a fundamental metabolic pathway that plays a dual role in cellular metabolism, encompassing both catabolic and an...
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What is the dual role of the citric acid cycle in cellular m...
The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, is an amphibolic pathway....
What is the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, and how...
The conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA occurs via the pyruvate dehydrogenase...
What is the significance of the carboxylation of pyruvate in...
The carboxylation of pyruvate into oxaloacetate is an anaplerotic reaction. This...
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