PMS | Lecture 19
PMS | Lecture 19
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Quiz Questions (4 questions)
1. The centrioles are cylindrical structures composed of microtubules, which play a crucial role in the process of cell division by forming the spindle fibers that separate chromosomes during mitosis.
2. The S phase of the cell cycle is the phase in which DNA replication occurs, resulting in the duplication of genetic material, ensuring that each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes.
3. The S-phase, or synthesis phase, is part of interphase in the cell cycle where chromosome replication occurs, critical for genetic continuity during cell division.
4. Cell death, also known as apoptosis, is the irreversible cessation of vital cellular functions, serving as a natural regulatory mechanism for removing damaged or unnecessary cells.
Previous Exam Questions (21 questions)
1. The cell cycle is the period between the end of mitosis and the end of the following mitosis, which involves a series of phases that prepare a cell for division. It includes the interphase stages (G1, S, and G2) and the mitosis (M) phase, ensuring proper duplication and division of genetic material.
2. The S-phase of the cell cycle is the phase where DNA is duplicated, which is crucial for ensuring that each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes. This phase follows the G1 phase, where the cell grows and produces RNA and proteins, and precedes the G2 phase, where further growth and preparation for mitosis occur.
3. In the G1 phase of the cell cycle, proteins are formed, and RNA is synthesized, preparing the cell for DNA replication in the S phase. This phase is part of interphase, where the cell grows and carries out normal metabolic activities.
4. The amount of DNA in the cell at the G2 phase is double that at the G1 phase, indicating that DNA replication has occurred. The G2 phase involves further cell growth and preparation for mitosis, ensuring all cellular components are ready for division.
5. The Mitosis (M) phase involves the division of the nucleus, which is a critical part of cell division. This phase ensures that each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes and is followed by cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm.
6. Apoptosis is defined as programmed cell death, which is a controlled and essential process for removing unwanted or damaged cells. It involves characteristic changes, like chromatin condensation and cell fragmentation, and plays a role in development and homeostasis.
7. The G2/M checkpoint ensures that DNA replication is complete before proceeding to mitosis, which is crucial for maintaining genomic integrity. This checkpoint prevents cells with damaged or unreplicated DNA from entering mitosis, thus avoiding potential errors in cell division.
8. Cytokinesis occurs during the telophase stage of mitosis, which is when the cytoplasm divides to form two distinct daughter cells. It follows nuclear division and ensures that each daughter cell receives the necessary organelles and cytoplasmic components.
9. During the G1 phase, a large amount of cytoplasmic material, such as proteins, is synthesized, allowing the cell to grow and prepare for DNA replication. This phase is essential for cell function and preparation for the subsequent stages of the cell cycle.
10. Apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death, is a process where cells undergo an orderly and clean death, often to remove unnecessary or damaged cells. It is characterized by cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and formation of apoptotic bodies, which are then phagocytosed by neighboring cells.
11. Interphase is considered the resting phase between cell divisions, encompassing the G1, S, and G2 phases, where the cell grows, duplicates its DNA, and prepares for mitosis. It is a critical period for ensuring the cell is ready for division and maintaining cellular functions.
12. The life cycle of a cell consists of interphase and cell division, which encompasses stages necessary for cellular replication and growth, ensuring DNA duplication and distribution into daughter cells.
13. In the cell cycle, the G2/M checkpoint ensures that DNA replication is complete, which is crucial before a cell enters mitosis. This checkpoint prevents cells with damaged or incomplete DNA from dividing, thereby maintaining genomic integrity.
14. Necrosis is the cell death in which the cell swells, the chromatin is clumped, the cytoplasm becomes weakly stained, and the organoids are destroyed, often resulting from injury and leading to inflammation in the surrounding tissue.
15. In the cell cycle, DNA duplication occurs during the S phase, which stands for 'synthesis phase', where the entire genetic material of the cell is replicated to prepare for cell division.
16. Apoptosis is the normal cell death due to internal activities within the cell, which is a programmed process that helps in tissue homeostasis and development, preventing damage to neighboring cells.
17. Progression in the cell cycle is regulated by proteins called cyclins, which bind to cyclin-dependent kinases to control the transition between different phases of the cell cycle, ensuring orderly progression and division.
18. Key features of apoptosis include the condensation of chromatin and destruction of DNA, and cell volume decreases with blebbing of the plasma membrane, eventually fragmenting into apoptotic bodies, which are then cleared by phagocytes.
19. During apoptosis, two notable changes in cells are the condensation of chromatin and destruction of DNA due to activation of endonucleases, and the decrease in cell volume with organelles remaining intact, leading to the formation of membrane-bound apoptotic bodies.
20. During necrosis, two changes include cell swelling and chromatin clumping, often resulting in the bursting of the cell and release of its contents, which can cause inflammation in the surrounding tissue.
21. Apoptosis involves condensation of chromatin, while necrosis involves chromatin clumping. In apoptosis, the cell shrinks and fragments into apoptotic bodies, whereas in necrosis, the cell swells and bursts, releasing its contents and potentially causing inflammation.
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PMSLecture19
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**The Cell Cycle and Its Regulatory Mechanisms** The **cell cycle** is a fundamental process in biology, representing the series of events that cells undergo to grow and divide. Understanding the phases of the cell cycle and their regulation is crucial for grasping the intricacies of cellular repli...
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What is the role of centrioles in cell division?
Centrioles are cylindrical structures composed of microtubules that play a cruci...
What is the cell cycle?
The cell cycle is a sequence of events that occur in the cell during its divisio...
What happens during the S phase of the cell cycle?
During the S phase, DNA replication occurs, resulting in the duplication of gene...
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