RRS | Lecture 28
RRS | Lecture 28
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Quiz Questions (11 questions)
1. In a severe acute asthma attack that does not respond to salbutamol, intravenous methylprednisolone is used to rapidly reduce inflammation in the airways.
2. Methylprednisolone is a corticosteroid that works by inhibiting the inflammatory response, providing relief from airway constriction during an asthma attack.
3. Following the acute management of asthma, oral prednisone can be given concurrently to maintain anti-inflammatory effects as the patient transitions to a less acute phase.
4. Oral prednisone, a corticosteroid, helps to sustain the anti-inflammatory response initiated by intravenous methylprednisolone.
5. The goal of using methylprednisolone and prednisone is prompt inhibition of airway inflammation, crucial for relieving symptoms in acute asthma exacerbations.
6. After acute treatment, corticosteroids like methylprednisolone should be tapered gradually to prevent adrenal insufficiency, as sudden withdrawal can suppress the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
7. Prophylactic measures for asthma management may include a combination of salmeterol (a long-acting B2 agonist) with inhaled corticosteroids like fluticasone, to prevent future attacks and control chronic inflammation.
8. Inhaled fluticasone, when used for asthma, can cause oropharyngeal candidiasis due to its local immunosuppressive effect in the oral cavity.
9. Salmeterol is a long-acting B2 agonist that helps maintain bronchodilation over an extended period, reducing the frequency of asthma symptoms.
10. Combining fluticasone with salmeterol optimizes asthma management by addressing both chronic inflammation and providing long-term bronchodilation, reducing the risk of attack recurrence.
11. Patients with asthma should avoid non-selective NSAIDs like aspirin and indomethacin due to potential exacerbation of symptoms, but ipratropium, an anticholinergic bronchodilator, is generally safe and beneficial.
Previous Exam Questions (25 questions)
1. In a case of bronchial asthma presenting with an acute attack of dyspnea and chest wheezes, inhaled terbutaline is used. The terbutaline is a selective beta2-adrenergic agonist, which acts primarily on the smooth muscles of the bronchi, causing them to relax and thereby easing breathing. This mechanism is crucial during an asthma attack, as it provides rapid relief from bronchospasm.
2. The most common side effect occurring with the use of inhaled fluticasone is oropharyngeal candidiasis. Fluticasone is an inhaled corticosteroid that reduces inflammation in the airways. However, because it is inhaled directly into the throat and mouth, it can suppress local immune responses, making it easier for fungal infections like candidiasis to develop.
3. Salmeterol is used for prophylaxis against attacks of bronchial asthma. As a long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonist (LABA), it provides prolonged bronchodilation by stimulating beta2 receptors in the bronchial smooth muscles, helping to prevent asthma symptoms over time.
4. Regarding methylxanthines, they are competitive inhibitors of adenosine receptors. Methylxanthines, such as theophylline, work by relaxing bronchial smooth muscles and reducing bronchospasm, making them useful in asthma management, although they are not the first line of treatment.
5. Mast cell stabilizers induce stabilization of mast cells on exposure to allergens. These drugs prevent the degranulation of mast cells, which in turn inhibits the release of histamine and other mediators responsible for allergic reactions and asthma symptoms.
6. Zafirlukast is preferred in prophylactic treatment of aspirin-induced asthma. It is a leukotriene receptor antagonist that blocks the action of leukotrienes, substances in the body that can cause asthma symptoms, especially in response to aspirin.
7. Glucocorticoids inhibit arachidonic acid metabolism through inhibition of phospholipase A2. This action reduces the production of inflammatory mediators like prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which are involved in the inflammatory process in asthma.
8. For asthma that did not respond to inhaled salbutamol, intravenous methylprednisolone was properly prescribed. Methylprednisolone is a corticosteroid that acts systemically to reduce inflammation and immune response, providing relief in severe asthma exacerbations.
9. As an asthmatic patient, avoiding aspirin is recommended. Aspirin can trigger asthma attacks in sensitive individuals by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase pathway, leading to increased leukotriene production, which can cause bronchoconstriction.
10. Salbutamol is prescribed to relieve an acute asthma attack. It is a selective beta2-adrenergic agonist that works by relaxing the bronchial smooth muscles, providing quick relief from bronchospasm during an asthma attack.
11. Salbutamol works through selective stimulation of beta2 adrenoceptors. This action targets the bronchial smooth muscles, leading to their relaxation and subsequent bronchodilation, effectively relieving asthma symptoms.
12. Salbutamol provides bronchodilator activity associated with an increase in myocardial contractility. This effect is due to its action on beta2 receptors, which, while primarily targeting the lungs, can also influence cardiac tissue.
13. A major side effect of salbutamol is frequent tremors. This occurs due to the stimulation of beta2 receptors in skeletal muscle, which can lead to muscle tremors as an unintended consequence of the drug's action.
14. The side effect of tremors with salbutamol appeared due to stimulation of beta2 receptors in skeletal muscle. These receptors, when activated, can cause involuntary muscle contractions resulting in tremors.
15. A selective beta2-adrenergic agonist reduces bronchospasm by selectively stimulating beta2 receptors on bronchial smooth muscles. This action leads to muscle relaxation and bronchodilation, which helps in alleviating asthma symptoms.
16. A long-acting beta2 agonist (LABA) is combined with corticosteroids to prevent downregulation of beta2 receptors and enhance anti-inflammatory effects. This combination is beneficial because it maintains receptor sensitivity and provides sustained bronchodilation alongside reduced airway inflammation.
17. Corticosteroids alleviate inflammation in bronchial asthma by reducing inflammatory cell activation and cytokine release through regulating gene expression. This mechanism decreases the overall inflammatory response in the airways, helping to control asthma symptoms.
18. Inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting beta agonist (LABA) is commonly administered as a long-term maintenance therapy for bronchial asthma. This combination provides sustained bronchodilation and anti-inflammatory effects, improving asthma control.
19. The correct route of administration for cromolyn sodium to prevent asthma recurrence is by inhalation. This is because inhaled cromolyn sodium acts directly on the airways to stabilize mast cells and prevent the release of inflammatory mediators.
20. In a severe asthma attack unresponsive to initial treatments, intravenous methylprednisolone is the most appropriate intervention. This systemic corticosteroid acts quickly to reduce inflammation and improve airflow, providing critical relief in severe cases.
21. Methylxanthines are a group of bronchodilators with a narrow margin of safety, which means that the difference between a therapeutic dose and a toxic dose is small. These drugs, like Theophylline, work by relaxing bronchial muscles and have mild anti-inflammatory effects, but require careful dosage management to avoid side effects such as cardiac arrhythmias and seizures.
22. Omalizumab is a recombinant monoclonal antibody targeted against free IgE in asthmatics, which helps in reducing the severity of allergic reactions by preventing IgE from binding to its receptors on mast cells and basophils, thereby decreasing the release of inflammatory mediators.
23. This adverse effect is called tolerance, which refers to the phenomenon where the effectiveness of selective beta agonists, such as Salbutamol, decreases over time with regular use. Tolerance results from the downregulation of beta2-adrenergic receptors, making it necessary to adjust treatment plans to maintain therapeutic benefits.
24. Salbutamol is a beta2-adrenergic agonist, typically used for mild to moderate asthma attacks due to its bronchodilating activity. It selectively stimulates beta2 receptors on bronchial smooth muscles, leading to relaxation and opening of the airways, providing quick relief from symptoms like wheezing and shortness of breath.
25. To prevent recurrence of acute bronchial asthma, a drug like Cromolyn sodium may be prescribed for its mast cell stabilizing action. Cromolyn works by preventing the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators from mast cells, thereby reducing airway inflammation and preventing asthma attacks triggered by allergens.
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**Understanding Bronchial Asthma: A Comprehensive Study Guide** **Introduction to Bronchial Asthma** Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing, particularly at night or in the early morning. The...
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What is the role of intravenous methylprednisolone in severe...
Intravenous methylprednisolone is used to rapidly reduce inflammation in the air...
What is the primary advantage of using corticosteroids in br...
Corticosteroids provide an anti-inflammatory effect that dramatically relieves a...
What are the classes of drugs used in the management of bron...
The management of bronchial asthma involves the use of several classes of drugs,...
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