RRS | Lecture 21
RRS | Lecture 21
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Quiz Questions (10 questions)
1. Lobar pneumonia refers to a specific type of pneumonia that affects a large and continuous area of the lobe of a lung.
2. Community-acquired pneumonia is an infection of the lungs acquired outside of a hospital or healthcare setting.
3. Piperacillin-tazobactam, Imipenem, and Meropenem are antibiotics recommended for treating pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas species.
4. Azithromycin is an antibiotic effective against infections caused by Chlamydia or Mycoplasma species, which are atypical bacteria.
5. For infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Amoxicillin combined with Clavulanic acid is recommended due to its enhanced efficacy.
6. The mechanism of action of certain antimicrobial agents includes the inhibition of bacterial peptidoglycan synthesis, crucial for bacterial cell wall integrity.
7. Gastrointestinal upset and superinfections are common side effects associated with oral use of certain antibiotics.
8. For pneumonia caused by Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin or Teicoplanin is recommended for treatment due to their effectiveness against resistant strains.
9. In patients allergic to penicillin, Erythromycin and Fluoroquinolones can be used as alternative treatments for pneumonia.
10. B-lactam antibiotics, which inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis, can be combined with Macrolides, Aminoglycosides, or Fluoroquinolones for enhanced therapeutic effect.
Previous Exam Questions (18 questions)
1. The atypical bacteria causing atypical pneumonia are often not effectively treated by antibiotics targeting typical cell wall synthesis; instead, azithromycin, a macrolide antibiotic, is used. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, which halts bacterial growth and replication.
2. Gentamycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, is known for causing ototoxicity, which is damage to the ear that can lead to symptoms like vertigo and hearing loss. This condition arises because aminoglycosides accumulate in the inner ear, affecting the hair cells and altering the vestibular and cochlear functions.
3. Azithromycin, a macrolide antibiotic, is preferred in cases of atypical pneumonia because it effectively targets atypical bacteria such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumoniae by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, inhibiting protein synthesis and thus limiting bacterial growth.
4. The therapeutic value of combining aminoglycosides like gentamycin with β-lactam antibiotics in pneumonia treatment lies in their synergistic effect. β-lactams disrupt bacterial cell wall synthesis, allowing aminoglycosides to enter the bacteria more easily and inhibit protein synthesis. This combination reduces the emergence of resistant strains and enhances antibacterial efficacy.
5. Cefepime, a fourth-generation cephalosporin, is often chosen for treating pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa due to its broad spectrum of activity against Gram-negative bacteria, including multi-drug resistant strains, and its ability to penetrate bacterial cell walls, inhibiting cell wall synthesis.
6. Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin used in the treatment of bacterial pneumonia caused by susceptible organisms. It works by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. However, it is ineffective in cases of viral pneumonia, as viruses do not have cell walls or the structures that ceftriaxone targets.
7. Doxycycline, a tetracycline antibiotic, is weakly recommended for pneumonia treatment due to its broad spectrum against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as atypical pathogens. It works by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit, inhibiting protein synthesis.
8. Fluoroquinolones, such as levofloxacin, treat pneumonia by inhibiting bacterial enzymes DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which are crucial for DNA replication. This action effectively halts bacterial cell division and growth, making fluoroquinolones potent antibiotics against a wide range of bacteria.
9. Aminoglycosides like gentamycin can lead to ototoxicity, a potential side effect characterized by damage to the inner ear structures, resulting in hearing loss, vertigo, and balance issues. This is due to their accumulation in the cochlea and vestibular apparatus, affecting hair cells.
10. Vancomycin acts against MRSA by preventing bacterial cell wall synthesis. It binds to the D-alanyl-D-alanine terminus of cell wall precursor units, blocking peptidoglycan chain elongation and cross-linking, which is essential for maintaining bacterial cell wall integrity.
11. For a patient with Streptococcus pneumoniae and no known drug allergies, a macrolide like azithromycin is appropriate for outpatient pneumonia treatment due to its effectiveness against typical and atypical respiratory pathogens through inhibition of protein synthesis.
12. In a patient with hospital-acquired pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, piperacillin-tazobactam and levofloxacin are used. Piperacillin-tazobactam provides broad coverage against Gram-negative bacteria, while levofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone, inhibits DNA synthesis, enhancing treatment efficacy.
13. In atypical pneumonia, azithromycin inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, which interferes with the translocation process during mRNA translation and effectively halts bacterial growth.
14. Gentamycin is often combined with β-lactam antibiotics because they act synergistically to enhance bacterial killing, especially against Gram-negative bacteria, which means that the two drugs work together to produce a greater effect than if they were used separately.
15. The mechanism of action of penicillins involves the inhibition of transpeptidation reaction, a critical step in bacterial cell wall synthesis, which prevents the bacteria from forming a strong cell wall, leading to their lysis and death.
16. Fluoroquinolones act by inhibiting bacterial enzymes, specifically DNA gyrase (Topoisomerase II) and Topoisomerase IV, which are essential for DNA synthesis and replication, thus preventing bacterial cell division and proliferation.
17. Vancomycin is often administered intravenously except when used to treat Clostridioides difficile infections, where it is given orally to directly target the bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract without systemic absorption.
18. Erythromycin can cause gastrointestinal irritation due to its action as a motilin receptor agonist, leading to side effects like abdominal cramps and diarrhea by stimulating increased motility in the gastrointestinal tract.
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**Comprehensive Study Guide on Pneumonia and Antimicrobial Therapy** **Understanding Pneumonia** **Pneumonia** is an infection of the lungs characterized by the inflammation of the alveoli, which are the tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs. When these alveoli fill with fluid or pus, it becomes...
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What is lobar pneumonia?
Lobar pneumonia refers to a specific type of pneumonia that affects a large and...
What is Pneumonia?
Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs’ tissues where the alveoli fill with flui...
Which antibiotics are recommended for treating pneumonia cau...
Piperacillin-tazobactam, Imipenem, and Meropenem are recommended for treating pn...
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