RRS | Lecture 19
RRS | Lecture 19
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Quiz Questions (13 questions)
1. The neuraminidase of the influenza virus forms a spike structure composed of four identical monomers, each with enzyme activity, and is embedded in the outer surface of the viral envelope. It facilitates the release of virus particles from infected cells and lowers the viscosity of the mucous film in the respiratory tract.
2. Influenza virus enters the host in airborne droplets, which reflects its pathogenesis in spreading the infection.
3. Influenza symptoms typically include fever, dry cough, malaise, and muscular aches, but not rash.
4. The type-specific antigen (A, B, or C) of influenza viruses is found on the nucleocapsid, providing a basis for viral classification.
5. Antigenic drift in influenza viruses results in new subtypes over time, contributing to the virus's ability to evade immunity.
6. The principal reservoir for the antigenic shift variants of the influenza virus includes pigs, horses, and fowl, which play a role in the virus's genetic diversity.
7. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction is preferred for influenza diagnostic testing due to its speed, sensitivity, and specificity.
8. The antigenicity of influenza A virus is marked by antigenic shifts affecting both the hemagglutinin and the neuraminidase, which represent major changes in antigenicity caused by reassortment of segments of the viral genome.
9. Adenovirus is characterized by a non-enveloped, double-stranded linear DNA genome, which is a distinct structural feature.
10. Infectious mononucleosis is characterized by Epstein-Barr virus as the causative pathogen, leading to the production of heterophil antibodies during infection.
11. Rhinoviruses belong to the Picornaviridae family, which includes small RNA viruses.
12. The adenovirus virion has a unique icosahedron with slender fibres, contributing to its structural stability and virus-host interactions.
13. Adenovirus can cause respiratory tract infections leading to kerato-conjunctivitis, demonstrating its ability to infect different tissues.
Previous Exam Questions (19 questions)
1. The Epstein-Barr virus is the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis, characterized by fever, sore throat, cervical lymph node enlargement, body aches, and extreme fatigue. The virus causes atypical lymphocytes to appear in blood tests, and the spleen often becomes enlarged due to immune response to the infection.
2. The adenovirus is known to cause respiratory infections like sore throat, fatigue, and conjunctivitis, often seen in outbreaks such as at summer camps. It is highly contagious and can spread rapidly among individuals in close contact.
3. The coronavirus is an enveloped RNA virus, meaning it has a lipid membrane surrounding its RNA genome. This structure helps it enter host cells and spread from person to person, primarily through respiratory droplets.
4. Influenza virus type A can cause worldwide epidemics due to antigenic shift, a process where the virus undergoes significant genetic changes, enabling it to evade the immune system and spread rapidly across populations.
5. The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most likely cause of difficulty breathing, wheezing, and the presence of giant multinucleated cells in an infant's sputum. RSV is a common cause of respiratory infections in infants and young children.
6. The rhinoviruses are the most frequent causative agents of the common cold. They are small RNA viruses that can survive on environmental surfaces and have multiple antigenic types, facilitating their widespread transmission.
7. The adenovirus is characterized by a non-enveloped double-stranded linear DNA genome. This structural feature allows it to infect a variety of host tissues and cause diseases such as respiratory infections and conjunctivitis.
8. The coronavirus is responsible for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), presenting with symptoms like fever, cough, and dyspnea. It is a serious viral respiratory illness with a significant impact on lung function.
9. The primary mode of transmission for SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, is through respiratory droplets, which are expelled when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks.
10. SARS-CoV-2 can cause atypical pneumonia and is transmitted via respiratory droplets, leading to widespread outbreaks and significant respiratory complications.
11. Nasal congestion is a common symptom of a viral upper respiratory infection caused by rhinoviruses. It is often accompanied by other mild symptoms like a runny nose and sore throat.
12. Monoclonal antibodies are used to provide passive immunity for COVID-19. These laboratory-made proteins mimic the immune system's ability to fight off harmful pathogens like viruses.
13. The primary reservoir for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is bats and camels. These animals serve as sources of the virus, which can be transmitted to humans.
14. Reye syndrome is a significant complication associated with influenza infections, particularly in children. It is a rare but serious condition that causes swelling in the liver and brain.
15. The influenza virus has a segmented genome, which allows for genetic reassortment and contributes to its ability to cause antigenic shift, leading to new viral strains.
16. The appropriate method to confirm the diagnosis of COVID-19 is RT-PCR testing of a nasopharyngeal swab, which detects the presence of viral RNA in the patient's respiratory secretions, providing a definitive diagnosis.
17. Antigenic drift involves small mutations leading to minor changes in virus surface proteins, particularly hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, which result in seasonal influenza epidemics by allowing the virus to evade the immune system, affecting individuals with partial immunity from previous infections.
18. Antigenic shift involves reassortment of genetic material between different strains of influenza viruses, resulting in major changes in viral antigens, which can lead to pandemics because the population lacks immunity to these new strains, causing widespread outbreaks.
19. The pathogenesis of Adenovirus infections involves the use of penton fibers, which act as hemagglutinin, facilitating viral attachment and entry into host cells. These fibers also exhibit toxic effects on cells, leading to cell lysis and contributing to the clinical manifestations of diseases such as respiratory infections, conjunctivitis, and gastroenteritis.
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RRSLecture19
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**Chapter: Viral Infections of the Respiratory Tract** **Introduction to Respiratory Tract Infections** Respiratory tract infections are a significant cause of morbidity worldwide, affecting individuals of all ages. These infections can range from mild conditions, such as the common cold, to sever...
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What is the role of neuraminidase in the influenza virus?
Neuraminidase forms a spike structure composed of four identical monomers with e...
What are the common respiratory tract infections?
Common respiratory tract infections include sore throat, common cold, and infect...
How does the influenza virus enter the host?
Influenza virus enters the host through airborne droplets, which reflects its pa...
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