PMS | Lecture 18
PMS | Lecture 18
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Quiz Questions (5 questions)
1. The lung is a primary organ of the respiratory system, responsible for gas exchange, where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide is removed.
2. The paranasal sinuses are air-filled extensions of the nasal cavity into the cranial bones, including the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones, which lighten the weight of the skull and humidify inspired air.
3. The hilum is the area on the medial surface of the lung where bronchi, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves enter and leave the lung, acting as a gateway for pulmonary and systemic circulation.
4. The right lung is larger and heavier than the left lung due to the presence of three lobes (superior, middle, and inferior), compared to the left lung's two lobes, which accommodates the heart's cardiac notch.
5. At the level of the sternal angle, the trachea bifurcates into the right and left bronchi, marking a critical point in the airway where the trachea divides to supply each lung with air.
Previous Exam Questions (26 questions)
1. The right lung is composed of 3 lobes, specifically the superior, middle, and inferior lobes, while the left lung comprises only 2 lobes, the superior and inferior lobes. This is due to the presence of the heart on the left side, which reduces space, leading to the formation of a cardiac notch on the left lungโs anterior border. The right lung is generally shorter and broader compared to the left lung, which is longer and narrower due to the heart's position.
2. The trachea is approximately 12 cm long and is a crucial part of the respiratory system. It starts at the lower border of the cricoid cartilage, which is at the level of the C6 vertebra, and extends to the upper border of the T5 vertebra, where it bifurcates into the right and left main bronchi. It is located within the neck and upper thorax, serving as a passage for air to the lungs.
3. The lower respiratory tract includes structures such as the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. These components are primarily responsible for conducting air to the lungs and facilitating gas exchange, unlike the pharynx and nose, which are part of the upper respiratory tract.
4. The respiratory zone of the lungs, which includes structures such as the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli, is primarily responsible for gas exchange. This zone is where oxygen from inhaled air is exchanged for carbon dioxide from the blood, a critical function for maintaining the body's oxygen and carbon dioxide balance.
5. The trachea extends from the C6 vertebra to approximately the T4/T5 vertebrae. This structure is crucial for conducting air from the larynx to the bronchi. It is not located entirely in the neck, nor does it bifurcate at the T2 level. The trachea has a length of about 12 cm, not 5 cm.
6. The main bronchi bifurcate at the level of the sternal angle of Louis, also known as the manubriosternal junction, which is approximately at the level of the T4/T5 intervertebral disc. This anatomical landmark is significant for medical professionals as it aids in identifying the location of the tracheal bifurcation.
7. The surface of the lung is covered by the visceral pleura, a serous membrane that closely adheres to the lung tissue. This membrane plays a crucial role in allowing the lungs to move smoothly within the pleural cavity during respiration, unlike the parietal pleura, which lines the chest wall.
8. The arytenoid cartilages are paired cartilages in the larynx, unlike the thyroid, epiglottis, and cricoid, which are single cartilages. The arytenoids are involved in voice production as they anchor the vocal cords and enable their movement for sound modulation.
9. The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are regions of the pharynx that serve as common passageways for both air and food. The nasopharynx, in contrast, is primarily an air passageway. The oropharynx is located posterior to the oral cavity, and the laryngopharynx is positioned posterior to the larynx.
10. The alveoli in the lungs are the main sites for gas exchange. These tiny air sacs are where oxygen is absorbed into the blood, and carbon dioxide is expelled from the blood, unlike the trachea, bronchi, and pharynx, which are primarily conductive pathways for air.
11. The pleural fluid, found in the pleural cavity between the visceral and parietal pleurae, serves to lubricate the surfaces of the lungs and chest wall. This lubrication allows for the smooth gliding of the lungs during respiration, preventing friction and facilitating efficient lung expansion and contraction.
12. Paranasal sinuses are pneumatic bones, which are air-filled spaces located in the bones around the nose and help lighten the weight of the skull and humidify inhaled air.
13. The root of the lung is formed by the structures entering and emerging from the lung at its hilum, which includes the bronchi, pulmonary vessels, nerves, and lymphatics.
14. The trachea begins in the neck as a continuation of the larynx at the lower border of the cricoid cartilage at the level of the sixth cervical vertebra.
15. The mucosa of the roof of the nasal cavity is lined by olfactory epithelium, which contains specialized sensory cells for detecting smell.
16. The trachea divides at the level of T4/T5 at the sternal angle into two bronchi, which are the right and left main bronchi leading to each lung.
17. The cartilage of the larynx are nine in number, which include three single cartilages (thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis) and three pairs of smaller cartilages.
18. The respiratory zone includes the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli, where gas exchange occurs between the air and the blood.
19. The pharynx extends from the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra, serving as a pathway for both air and food.
20. The right lung has two fissures: the oblique and horizontal fissures, while the left lung has only the oblique fissure.
21. The larynx has three single cartilages: the thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis, which are essential for sound production and airway protection.
22. The conducting part of the respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, and trachea, which conduct air to the lower respiratory tract.
23. The pharynx is divided into three regions: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx, each with distinct roles in respiration and digestion.
24. The apex of the lung extends above the sternal end of the first rib, while the base of the lung rests on the diaphragm, enabling efficient breathing.
25. The left main bronchus is longer and more horizontal compared to the right, which is shorter and more vertical, affecting the likelihood of foreign object aspiration.
26. The larynx functions to produce sound, maintain an open airway, and act as a switch mechanism to direct food and air to their proper channels, preventing aspiration.
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PMSLecture18
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**Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System** The **respiratory system** is a complex network of organs responsible for the essential process of gas exchange. This system ensures that oxygen is delivered to the bloodstream while carbon dioxide, a metabolic waste product, is expelled from the...
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What organs are included in the respiratory system?
The respiratory system includes the Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and...
What is the primary function of the lungs in the respiratory...
The primary function of the lungs is to facilitate gas exchange, allowing oxygen...
Describe the location and significance of the hilum of the l...
The hilum is located on the medial surface of the lung, serving as the entry and...
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