PMS | Lecture 17
PMS | Lecture 17
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Quiz Questions (20 questions)
1. The inactive portions of a chromosome, known as heterochromatin, are tightly packed forms of DNA. They are transcriptionally inactive, meaning they do not usually undergo transcription to produce RNA.
2. The nucleus of a cell is the organelle that makes ribosomes and RNA. It contains the nucleolus, which is a prominent substructure where ribosomal RNA is synthesized and combined with proteins to form ribosomal subunits.
3. The chromatin network within the nucleus is a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells. It packages DNA into a more compact, dense shape, protecting the DNA structure and sequence.
4. Endosomes are membrane-bound compartments within cells, and they are not found in the nucleus. The nucleus contains structures like histones, heterochromatin, and nucleosomes, which are involved in DNA packaging and gene expression regulation.
5. Protein formation is enabled through the nucleoli within the nucleus. The nucleolus is where ribosomal RNA is synthesized and assembled with proteins to create ribosomal subunits necessary for protein synthesis.
6. The outer nuclear membrane is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), which is involved in the synthesis and processing of proteins. The RER is characterized by the presence of ribosomes on its surface.
7. Euchromatin represents the uncoiled, active parts of chromosomes. It is less dense than heterochromatin and is associated with regions of DNA that are actively transcribed into RNA.
8. Turner syndrome is a chromosomal abnormality characterized by the presence of a single X chromosome (X0) instead of the usual two sex chromosomes.
9. The pars fibrosa is a central part of the nucleolus, where ribosomal RNA is processed and assembled with proteins to form ribosomal subunits.
10. The nuclear envelope has two concentric membranes separated by a narrow space called the perinuclear space, which plays a role in the transport of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
11. The Barr body is a form of sex chromatin, representing an inactivated X chromosome attached to the nuclear envelope in female cells. It is a way of dosage compensation, ensuring that females and males have the same level of expression of X-linked genes.
12. Ribosomal subunits are synthesized in the nucleolus, a dense region within the nucleus responsible for producing and assembling ribosomal RNA and proteins.
13. Chromatin is a special material of protein that chromosomes are made up of. It consists of DNA wrapped around histone proteins, helping to compact the DNA and regulate gene expression.
14. Chromatids fuse at the centromere, a region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids are joined during cell division. It is essential for the proper segregation of chromosomes.
15. In human cells, the diploid chromosome number is found in normal body cells, whereas haploid is found in germ cells, which are involved in reproduction and carry only one set of chromosomes.
16. Karyotyping requires colchicine, a drug that inhibits microtubule polymerization, effectively arresting cells in metaphase, where chromosomes are most visible for analysis.
17. Colchicine is the drug used in karyotyping, as it stops cells in metaphase by disrupting the formation of spindle fibers, making chromosomes easier to visualize.
18. Barr body is one of the X chromosomes in a female cell that becomes inactivated and forms a condensed structure, serving as a mechanism for dosage compensation of X-linked genes.
19. Nucleosomes have small basic proteins called histones, which are crucial for the organization and packaging of DNA into chromatin, allowing efficient storage and regulation of gene expression.
20. A chromosome is a coiled DNA molecule within the cell's nucleus, encoding genetic instructions essential for the development, functioning, and reproduction of organisms.
Previous Exam Questions (22 questions)
1. The acrocentric chromosome has its centromere located near the terminal end, which differentiates it from other chromosome types like metacentric or submetacentric.
2. Heterochromatin, which is predominant in inactive cells, is a tightly packed form of DNA that makes it less accessible for transcription, thereby playing a crucial role in gene regulation.
3. Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes in their somatic cells, which are non-sex chromosomes and are responsible for various bodily functions and traits.
4. Chromatin is the special material of protein that makes up chromosomes, consisting of DNA wrapped around histone proteins, which helps in organizing and compacting the DNA within the cell nucleus.
5. Chromatids fuse at the centromeres, which are the constricted regions that hold sister chromatids together and play a vital role during cell division by attaching to spindle fibers.
6. The morphology of chromosomes is studied during metaphase, a stage in cell division where chromosomes are most condensed and aligned at the cell's equatorial plane, making them visible for analysis.
7. Human somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes, consisting of 22 pairs of autosomes and a pair of sex chromosomes, which together determine the genetic makeup of an individual.
8. Karyotyping is the method used to study chromosomes by arresting division at metaphase, providing a visual profile of an individual's chromosomes to detect abnormalities.
9. Gametes, which are reproductive cells like sperm and eggs, contain 23 chromosomes, representing a haploid set that ensures genetic diversity upon fertilization.
10. The main function of nucleosomes is DNA packing, as they organize the DNA into a compact structure by wrapping it around histone proteins, facilitating the efficient storage and accessibility of genetic information.
11. In mammals, the Y and X chromosomes determine gender, with the combination of these sex chromosomes (XX or XY) deciding the biological sex of an individual.
12. A telocentric chromosome has its centromere at the ends, which makes it different from other chromosome types and affects its shape and function during cell division.
13. The inactive parts of chromosomes are called heterochromatin, which are regions of tightly packed DNA found predominantly in inactive cells and often serve as a structural component of the chromosome, reducing gene expression.
14. Finely granulated chromatin is called euchromatin, which is a less condensed form of chromatin that is actively involved in transcription, allowing access to DNA for RNA synthesis and gene expression.
15. The chromosome consists of two chromatids held together at a constriction called the centromere, which is crucial for the movement of chromosomes during cell division as it is the attachment site for spindle fibers.
16. Nucleosome is a structure that produces the initial organization of free double-stranded DNA into chromatin, which is fundamental for DNA packaging within the nucleus, allowing efficient storage and accessibility of genetic information.
17. Chromosomal pattern of Turner syndrome is 45, XO, which indicates the presence of a single X chromosome and no second sex chromosome, leading to clinical features such as short stature and infertility in affected females.
18. To study chromosomes by karyotyping, dividing cells are treated with colchicine, which arrests the division at metaphase by inhibiting microtubule polymerization, thus facilitating the examination of condensed chromosomes.
19. Homologous chromosomes are the chromosomes of each pair of autosomes which have the same length of DNA and code for the same proteins, playing a key role in genetic diversity and recombination during meiosis.
20. Telocentric and acrocentric are two types of chromosomes according to the position of the centromere, with telocentric chromosomes having the centromere at the very end, and acrocentric chromosomes having the centromere near the end, affecting the chromosome's arm length and genetic distribution.
21. Types of chromosomes according to their shape include telocentric, submetacentric, and metacentric chromosomes, where telocentric chromosomes have the centromere at the end, submetacentric chromosomes have the centromere closer to one end, and metacentric chromosomes have the centromere near the middle, influencing their genetic and structural properties.
22. Types of chromatin include heterochromatin and euchromatin, with heterochromatin being tightly packed and transcriptionally inactive, while euchromatin is less condensed and actively participates in transcription, reflecting their distinct roles in gene regulation and cellular function.
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PMSLecture17
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**Chapter: Understanding Chromosomes and Their Role in Genetics** **Introduction to Chromosomes** In the world of genetics, understanding the structure and function of **chromosomes** is essential. Chromosomes are essentially coiled **DNA molecules** within the cell's nucleus, carrying the **genet...
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What is the role of heterochromatin in genetic expression?
Heterochromatin is a tightly packed form of DNA that is transcriptionally inacti...
What is a chromosome and how is its structure affected durin...
A chromosome is a structure that carries the genetic code of an individual. Duri...
What structure within the nucleus is responsible for ribosom...
The nucleolus is responsible for ribosome production. It synthesizes ribosomal R...
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