PMS | Lecture 16
PMS | Lecture 16
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Quiz Questions (18 questions)
1. The inactive portions of chromosomes are called heterochromatin, which refers to tightly packed DNA sequences that typically are not actively transcribed.
2. The nucleus is the part of the cell where ribosomes and RNA are synthesized, serving as the control center of the cell, regulating gene expression and mediating the replication of DNA during the cell cycle.
3. The nucleus contains a network of subdivisions called the chromatin network, which comprises DNA and proteins that help in packaging the genetic material.
4. The nucleus contains histones, heterochromatin, and nucleosomes, but not endosomes, which are involved in the transport and sorting of molecules within the cell.
5. Protein formation is enabled through the nucleoli, which are dense regions within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is synthesized and ribosome assembly begins.
6. The outer nuclear membrane is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum, an important site for protein synthesis and processing.
7. Euchromatin represents the uncoiled active parts of chromosomes, which are less condensed and accessible for transcription.
8. Turner syndrome is one of the chromosomal abnormalities characterized by the presence of only one X chromosome (X0).
9. The nucleolus has a central part called pars fibrosa, which is involved in the synthesis and processing of ribosomal RNA.
10. The nuclear envelope has two concentric membranes separated by a narrow space called the perinuclear space, which plays a role in nuclear transport and maintaining the shape of the nucleus.
11. Sex chromatin attached to the nuclear envelope of the nucleus is called a Barr body, which represents an inactivated X chromosome in female cells.
12. Ribosomal subunits are synthesized in the nucleolus, an organelle within the nucleus that is crucial for ribosome production.
13. Chromosomes are made up of a special material of protein called chromatin, which consists of DNA wrapped around histone proteins.
14. Chromatids fusion occurs at the centromeres, which are the region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids are joined and where the spindle fibers attach during cell division.
15. The diploid chromosome number is found in normal body cells, whereas the haploid number is found in germ cells, which are involved in reproduction.
16. Karyotyping requires the use of colchicine, a chemical that arrests cell division by disrupting the microtubule formation, allowing for visualization of chromosomes.
17. A Barr body is one of the X chromosomes, which is inactivated and condensed, visible in the cell nucleus of female cells.
18. Nucleosomes have small basic proteins called histones, which help in the packaging of DNA into chromatin by forming a structure resembling beads on a string.
Previous Exam Questions (17 questions)
1. The nuclear lamina is closely associated with the inner nuclear membrane, which provides structural support to the nucleus and is involved in various regulatory functions like DNA replication and cell division.
2. The chromatin component is located in the nucleus, which contains DNA and proteins, and plays a crucial role in packaging DNA into a smaller volume to fit in the cell, as well as in regulating gene expression.
3. The nuclear envelope surrounds the nucleus and acts as a selectively permeable barrier, consisting of a double lipid bilayer that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm and contains nuclear pores for the exchange of materials.
4. The heterochromatin is dark, condensed, and transcriptionally inactive, representing tightly packed DNA that is generally not accessible for transcription, often found at the periphery of the nucleus.
5. The nucleolus is primarily responsible for ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription and ribosome assembly, serving as the site where rRNA is synthesized and combined with proteins to form ribosomal subunits.
6. The chromatin associated with the nucleolus is considered a nuclear organizer responsible for nucleolus formation, as it contains rRNA genes that are transcribed to form the nucleolus.
7. Klinefelter syndrome is associated with the presence of an extra 'X' chromosome (XXY), a genetic condition in males that can affect physical and cognitive development.
8. With EM, the nucleolus is formed of central pars fibrosa and outer pars granulesa, which are essential for ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis and ribosome assembly. The pars fibrosa contains densely packed fibers, primarily composed of newly synthesized rRNA, while the pars granulesa is rich in ribonucleoproteins, which are precursors to ribosome subunits.
9. The outer nuclear membrane is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum, which is involved in protein synthesis and processing. This continuity facilitates the transport of proteins synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum into the perinuclear space or directly into the nucleus.
10. The nucleus is enclosed in the nuclear envelope, which is a double-layered membrane that separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm. This structure includes nuclear pores that regulate the exchange of macromolecules like RNA and proteins between the nucleus and cytoplasm, maintaining nuclear integrity and function.
11. The nuclear envelope contains pores that regulate the exchange of macromolecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. These nuclear pores are large protein complexes that allow the selective transport of molecules such as RNA and ribosomal subunits, ensuring that only properly processed and functional molecules exit the nucleus.
12. The basophilic property of the nucleolus is due to the presence of densely concentrated ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which stains intensely with basic dyes because of its high RNA content. This basophilia is indicative of the nucleolus's role in synthesizing and assembling ribosomal components.
13. The inactive and coiled regions of chromosomes that are often associated with the nuclear membrane are called heterochromatin, which is transcriptionally inactive and serves to maintain structural integrity of the chromosome and regulates gene expression by keeping certain genes in a repressed state.
14. The sex chromatin, also known as the Barr body, is a condensed form of the 'X' chromosome found in female nuclei, which is an inactivated X chromosome that ensures dosage compensation between males and females by silencing one of the two X chromosomes in females.
15. The chromatin is the substance of chromosomes made up of DNA bound to histones, which organizes and compacts the DNA into a functional structure, allowing for efficient packaging within the nucleus and regulating gene expression through epigenetic modifications.
16. Enumerate TWO sites of heterochromatin in the nucleus: Chromatin associated with the nuclear envelope (peripheral chromatin), which provides structural support and gene regulation, and chromatin associated with the nucleolus or sex chromatin (Barr body) or clumps of heterochromatin scattered in the nucleoplasm, which play roles in gene silencing and genomic stability.
17. Euchromatin is active, uncoiled, and undensed, making it accessible for transcription, which includes regions of the genome that are actively being transcribed into RNA. In contrast, heterochromatin is inactive and coiled and condensed, comprising regions that are transcriptionally inactive, serving primarily structural and regulatory functions within the genome.
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PMSLecture16
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**Nuclear Structure and Function in Medical Histology** In the study of **cellular biology**, understanding the **nucleus** is crucial as it serves as the control center of the cell. The **nucleus** is a membrane-bound organelle that houses the cellโs genetic material and is responsible for various...
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What are heterochromatin and euchromatin?
Heterochromatin refers to the inactive portions of chromosomes that are tightly...
What are the main structures and types of chromatin?
Chromatin is the substance of chromosomes, formed mainly of nucleoprotein, which...
Where are ribosomal subunits synthesized?
Ribosomal subunits are synthesized in the nucleolus, which is an organelle withi...
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