PMS | Lecture 13
PMS | Lecture 13
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Quiz Questions (9 questions)
1. Haemosiderin is an endogenous pigment which is derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin and is primarily found in macrophages within tissues that have experienced hemorrhage.
2. Carbohydrates stored in animal cells as glycogen, a polysaccharide that serves as a form of energy storage predominantly found in the liver and muscle tissues.
3. Glycogen stains by PAS (Periodic Acid-Schiff) stain which is used to demonstrate polysaccharides such as glycogen in tissues.
4. Large amounts of glycogen are found in liver cells which store glycogen as a reserve of glucose to be used when blood glucose levels fall.
5. Lipids are used for steroid hormone synthesis which takes place in the adrenal cortex and gonads, where cholesterol is converted into steroid hormones.
6. Fat is stored in liver cells which play a crucial role in lipid metabolism and storage of energy in the form of triglycerides.
7. Fat globules are stained orange-red by Oil Red O stain which is a fat-soluble dye used to demonstrate the presence of lipids in tissues.
8. Skin contains melanin pigments which are produced by melanocytes and are responsible for the pigmentation of the skin, providing protection against ultraviolet radiation.
9. Lipofuscins are endogenous cell pigments derived from residual bodies which are the indigestible byproducts of lysosomal digestion, accumulating over time in aging cells.
Previous Exam Questions (22 questions)
1. Fat is stained with Sudan black stain which is a lipid-soluble dye used to colorize neutral lipids and lipoproteins in tissues. It helps identify fat deposits in histological samples.
2. The following is not a cell inclusion: Glycogen, which is a polysaccharide storage form of glucose in cells, unlike pigments like hemosiderins, hemoglobin, and bile that can be considered cell inclusions.
3. The following is not an inclusion: Carbohydrate granules, which are typically involved in energy storage metabolism, unlike melanin granules, secretory vesicles, and carotinoids that are cellular inclusions.
4. Melanin pigments are endogenous inclusions which are naturally occurring pigments produced by melanocytes in the skin, responsible for skin color, and provide protection against UV radiation.
5. The following is a pigment resulting from the breakdown of hemoglobin: Haemosiderin, which is an iron-storage complex found within macrophages, especially after red blood cell breakdown and phagocytosis.
6. Tattoo colors are exogenous pigments which are introduced to the skin from outside the body, unlike endogenous pigments that are produced within the body.
7. Glycogen can be shown in cells by the PAS method, which is a staining technique used to detect polysaccharides such as glycogen in tissues by staining them a bright magenta color.
8. Lipofuscin granules originate from lysosomes which are cellular organelles involved in the degradation of cellular waste materials, and lipofuscin is an 'aging pigment' formed from lipid-containing residues.
9. Carotenoid pigment is an exogenous pigment which is obtained through the diet, particularly from colorful fruits and vegetables, and is not produced endogenously by the body.
10. Stored food may be glycogen which is a form of energy stored in animal cells, unlike pigments like lipofuscin, carotenoids, and melanin which are not primarily energy reserves.
11. Lipid droplets can be found in large quantities in the liver which is involved in lipid metabolism and storage, unlike lymph nodes, heart, and brain which have different primary functions.
12. Which of the following is an exogenous pigment? Carbon, which is an external substance that can accumulate in tissues, unlike endogenous pigments such as lipofuscin, hemoglobin, and melanin.
13. Lipofuscin is commonly known as aging pigment which accumulates in cells over time as a result of oxidative processes, unlike pigments associated with free radicals, steroids, or foreign substances.
14. Lipofuscin is a type of endogenous pigment known as the aging pigment, which accumulates in various tissues over time, particularly in long-living cells like neurons and cardiac muscle fibers, serving as a marker of cellular aging.
15. PAS is a specific histochemical stain of glycogen, which stands for Periodic Acid-Schiff. This stain is used in histology to detect polysaccharides such as glycogen in tissues, highlighting them in a distinctive magenta color, which is useful for identifying glycogen storage diseases.
16. Haemosiderin pigments are prominent in phagocytic cells such as macrophages of the liver, spleen, and bone marrow due to the phagocytosis of red blood cells. This iron-storage complex is significant in conditions like hemosiderosis, where excess iron is stored in the body tissues.
17. Melanin pigment is normally produced by melanocytes in the skin and serves to protect DNA from harmful UV rays. It absorbs ultraviolet radiation, reducing the risk of skin cancers by preventing DNA damage.
18. Carotenoid pigments enter the body through ingestion of colored vegetables like carrots and tomatoes. These pigments, such as beta-carotene, are important for their antioxidant properties and as precursors to vitamin A, essential for vision and immune function.
19. Lipid droplets are commonly found in the cells of the liver and adrenal glands. These organelles are involved in energy storage and the synthesis of steroid hormones, playing a key role in metabolic processes and hormone production.
20. Examples of endogenous cell pigments are: 1. Melanin pigments, which are responsible for coloration of the skin, hair, and eyes. 2. Lipofuscin pigments, which accumulate over time and are considered a hallmark of aging. 3. Hemosiderins, which store iron and indicate breakdown of hemoglobin, commonly seen in conditions of excess iron storage.
21. Special stains of lipid droplets include a. Sudan black, which is used to stain lipids in frozen sections, highlighting them in black, and b. Osmic acid, which stains lipids black and is used in electron microscopy for detailed cellular imaging.
22. Cell inclusions are cytoplasmic deposits filled with stored macromolecules and accumulated metabolites with little or no metabolic activities themselves. These inclusions, such as glycogen granules, lipid droplets, and pigments, serve as reserves of energy and essential molecules, playing a crucial role in cellular metabolism and homeostasis.
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PMSLecture13
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**Cell Inclusions and Pigments in Histology** In the study of histology, **cell inclusions** are fascinating non-living components of cells that hold significant relevance for understanding cellular metabolism, storage, and pathology. These inclusions are essentially cytoplasmic deposits comprised...
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What are glycogen granules?
Glycogen granules are aggregates of carbohydrates in the cytoplasm and serve as...
What is the primary function of lipofuscin pigments?
Lipofuscin pigments are considered 'aging pigments' and are the indigestible byp...
Where can high glycogen deposits be found in the body?
High glycogen deposits are found in liver cells, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle...
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