CBF | Lectures 23 and 24
CBF | Lectures 23 and 24
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Quiz Questions (21 questions)
1. The Cori Cycle refers to the process where lactate, produced by anaerobic glycolysis in muscles, is converted back to glucose in the liver. This cycle is crucial in maintaining glucose levels during periods of intense exercise.
2. Pyruvate can be converted into acetyl-CoA by the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase, but only in the presence of oxygen, where it enters the citric acid cycle for further energy production.
3. The conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase is irreversible, thus pyruvate cannot be converted back to glucose through this pathway.
4. Lactic acidosis can occur when lactate production exceeds its clearance, often due to decreased oxygen levels or mitochondrial dysfunction.
5. NAD+ regeneration is essential for glycolysis to continue, and lactate formation helps regenerate NAD+ from NADH, allowing glycolysis to proceed in anaerobic conditions.
6. In type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance affects glucose uptake in muscle tissues, which rely on insulin-dependent glucose transporters unlike the brain or liver.
7. Hexokinase facilitates glucose phosphorylation to glucose-6-phosphate, a step that traps glucose inside cells, preventing it from leaving the cell and ensuring its use in metabolic processes.
8. Muscle lactate formation during exercise occurs when the NADH/NAD+ ratio is high, indicating a shift towards anaerobic metabolism to generate ATP.
9. Glucokinase has a higher Km than hexokinase, meaning it is active when glucose levels are high, and it is primarily found in the liver and pancreatic beta cells.
10. During vigorous exercise, the reduction of pyruvate to lactate increases, highlighting a shift towards anaerobic glycolysis for rapid energy supply.
11. Glucose uptake in liver cells occurs through facilitated diffusion, a passive process using glucose transporters, unlike active transport which requires energy.
12. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is a substrate for aldolase in glycolysis, highlighting its role in the energy-generating phase of this metabolic pathway.
13. The conversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate involves substrate-level phosphorylation, an essential process for ATP production in anaerobic glycolysis.
14. Enolase is an enzyme in the glycolytic pathway that is particularly sensitive to fluoride ion inhibition, which can interfere with glycolysis.
15. Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) is inhibited by ATP, citrate, and glucagon, but not by cyclic AMP, indicating its key regulatory role in glycolysis.
16. In glycolysis, NAD+ is required to oxidize glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, allowing glycolysis to proceed, but CO2 is not produced as it is in the citric acid cycle.
17. Pyruvate kinase catalyzes a substrate-level phosphorylation reaction, converting phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate and generating ATP in the process.
18. Hexokinase has a much lower Km for glucose than glucokinase, allowing it to function efficiently at low glucose concentrations, whereas glucokinase is induced by insulin.
19. Arsenate interferes with glycolysis by preventing the net production of ATP, specifically reducing the yield by two ATP molecules.
20. Pyruvate kinase deficiency in red blood cells leads to increased levels of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), which affects oxygen release from hemoglobin.
21. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is the only enzyme in glycolysis that adds inorganic phosphate, a critical step for ATP generation.
Previous Exam Questions (12 questions)
1. The resting membrane potential of a cell is primarily dependent on the permeability of the membrane to potassium ions (K+), which is greater than that of sodium ions (Na+). This means that the cell membrane allows more K+ to move across it, contributing to a negative charge inside the cell relative to the outside.
2. The mechanism that allows the membrane potential to return to its resting value after reaching the peak of an action potential is the opening of voltage-sensitive (gated) potassium channels. These channels allow K+ to flow out of the cell, helping to repolarize the membrane.
3. The function of the dendrites of a nerve cell is to carry incoming impulses toward the cell body. Dendrites act like the antennae of the neuron, receiving signals from other neurons and conveying them to the cell body for processing.
4. When we say that the cell membrane is polarized, it means that the inside of the cell is negative with respect to the outside. This polarization is essential for the generation and propagation of action potentials in neurons.
5. During the negative after-potential of the membrane of a nerve fiber, the outer surface of the membrane becomes more positive than the resting potential. This phase follows the action potential and reflects the temporary hyperpolarization of the membrane.
6. In order to activate a hyperpolarized membrane, a superthreshold stimulus is needed because the membrane is more negative than the resting potential. This increased negativity requires a stronger-than-normal stimulus to depolarize the membrane to the threshold level needed to generate an action potential.
7. An action potential in a nerve is initiated by the influx of sodium ions (Na+). This rapid entry of Na+ causes the depolarization phase of the action potential, leading to the propagation of the nerve impulse.
8. The nerve with the slowest conduction velocity, particularly in the context of carpal tunnel syndrome, is composed of C fibers. These fibers are unmyelinated, meaning they lack the insulating sheath that speeds up nerve signal transmission, resulting in slower conduction compared to myelinated fibers.
9. The dendrites carry signals toward the cell body, which means they are responsible for receiving incoming information from other neurons and transmitting these signals to the neuron's soma. This ensures that the neuron can process and respond to stimuli effectively.
10. Myelin sheath consists of lipid substance of the Schwann cells. It acts as an insulating sheath around the axon except at its ending and at the nodes of Ranvier, which are small gaps in the myelin sheath. These nodes play a crucial role in the process called saltatory conduction, where action potentials jump from node to node, significantly speeding up the transmission of nerve impulses.
11. The synapse is the site of contact of the axon terminal of one neuron with the cell body or dendrites of another neuron. This is where neurotransmitters are released to transmit signals between neurons, playing a crucial role in communication within the nervous system.
12. Spike potential is a rapid rise of depolarization and rapid fall of repolarization (nearly 70% of repolarization). This process is crucial in the generation of an action potential, which is essential for the propagation of electrical signals along neurons, enabling the nervous system to communicate effectively.
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CBFLectures23and24
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**Understanding Metabolic Cycles and Membrane Potentials in Medical Physiology** **The Cori Cycle and Pyruvate Metabolism** Let's dive into the fascinating world of metabolic biochemistry, focusing on the **Cori Cycle**, which is crucial for maintaining glucose levels during periods of intense exe...
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What is the Cori Cycle?
The Cori Cycle refers to the process where lactate, produced by anaerobic glycol...
What is the sodium-potassium leak channel?
The sodium-potassium leak channel is a membrane channel more permeable to potass...
How is pyruvate converted to acetyl-CoA?
Pyruvate can be converted into acetyl-CoA by the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase,...
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