CBF | Lectures 13 and 14
CBF | Lectures 13 and 14
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Quiz Questions (4 questions)
1. Active transport is a process that requires energy, often in the form of ATP, to move substances across the cell membrane against their concentration gradient.
2. An example of co-transport is the sodium-glucose transport, where sodium ions move along their concentration gradient, facilitating the simultaneous transport of glucose into the cell.
3. Exocytosis is a cellular process where materials are expelled from the cell interior to the exterior, often involving vesicles that merge with the cell membrane to release their contents.
4. In nerve cells, the sodium-potassium pump actively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, essential for maintaining the electrochemical gradient necessary for nerve impulse transmission.
Previous Exam Questions (22 questions)
1. Human beings lack the enzymes necessary for the hydrolysis of the B-1,4-O-glycosidic linkage between molecules of glucose. This is why we cannot digest cellulose, which is a major component of plant cell walls and is used in some laxatives to help with bowel movements.
2. The highest concentration of fructose is found in semen. Fructose serves as an energy source for sperm cells, supporting their motility and viability, which is crucial for fertility.
3. The carbohydrate of blood group substances is fucose. Fucose is a monosaccharide that plays an essential role in the structure of antigens on red blood cells that determine blood groups.
4. Dextran is used as a plasma substitute to restore blood pressure in cases of hemorrhage with low blood pressure. It is a polysaccharide that expands plasma volume and improves circulation by increasing blood volume.
5. The drug therapy of choice for a patient with osteoarthritis of the knee is glucosamine with chondroitin. These supplements are believed to support joint health by contributing to cartilage structure and reducing inflammation.
6. Mannitol is injected intravenously to reduce intracranial hypertension. It is an osmotic diuretic that helps decrease brain swelling by drawing fluid out of the brain tissue and into the bloodstream.
7. A deficiency in fructose in semen is associated with male infertility due to its role as a primary energy source for sperm, which is important for sperm motility.
8. The compound most likely to be found in high serum and urine levels in a young infant nourished with synthetic formula milk is sucrose. Sucrose, a non-reducing sugar, can be cleaved into glucose and fructose upon treatment with a hydrolytic agent.
9. Glycogen is a homopolysaccharide, unlike heteropolysaccharides like hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, and heparin, which consist of different types of sugar units.
10. Lactose is a reducing disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose. It is found in milk and can be broken down by the enzyme lactase into its monosaccharide components.
11. Mannitol is a sugar alcohol used to reduce intracranial hypertension. By increasing osmotic pressure in the bloodstream, it helps draw excess fluid out of the brain, reducing swelling and pressure.
12. Deoxyribose is important for the structure of DNA. It is a pentose sugar that forms the backbone of DNA molecules, linking nucleotide bases together in a double helix structure.
13. Agar-Agar is not a homopolysaccharide, unlike starch and glycogen, which are composed entirely of glucose units. Agar-Agar is a complex polysaccharide derived from seaweed.
14. Hyaluronic acid is important in the human body for joint lubrication, where it maintains the viscosity of synovial fluid, allowing smooth joint movement and cushioning against impact.
15. Cellulose in the human body prevents constipation by adding bulk to the stool, promoting regular bowel movements. Although indigestible, it helps maintain healthy digestive function.
16. Glycogen is similar in structure to amylopectin but has more and shorter branches, which allows it to be more rapidly mobilized for energy production in animals. Glycogen is primarily stored in the liver and muscle tissues, serving as a crucial energy reserve that can be quickly converted to glucose when needed by the body.
17. Cellulose cannot be digested by humans because of the beta-1,4-glycosidic bonds between glucose units. These bonds form a linear chain that humans lack the enzymes to break down, unlike other mammals like some herbivores that can digest cellulose thanks to symbiotic gut bacteria.
18. Glucosamine is important for the structure of mucopolysaccharides, which are essential components of cartilage. This compound is often used in the treatment of joint disorders like osteoarthritis, as it aids in maintaining joint health and reducing symptoms such as pain and stiffness.
19. Hyaluronic acid is unique among glycosaminoglycans because it is non-sulfated and not covalently attached to proteins. This allows it to maintain its unique properties, such as retaining water to provide hydration and lubrication in tissues, most notably in the joints and eyes.
20. Heparin acts as an anticoagulant and prevents thrombosis by inhibiting blood clotting. It is a polysaccharide that enhances the activity of antithrombin III, leading to the inactivation of thrombin and other clotting factors, thereby preventing the formation of blood clots.
21. The disaccharide lactose is found in milk and is made up of galactose and glucose. Lactose is broken down in the human digestive system by the enzyme lactase, which splits it into its two monosaccharide components, allowing for their absorption and utilization as energy sources.
22. Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles and serves as a form of energy reserve in animals. In the liver, glycogen can be broken down into glucose to regulate blood sugar levels, while in muscles, it provides a direct source of energy for muscle contractions during physical activity.
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CBFLectures13and14
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**Biochemistry of Carbohydrates: An In-Depth Study Guide** Understanding carbohydrates is fundamental to medical biochemistry, as they play a crucial role in energy provision, structural integrity, and biological recognition processes. In this guide, we will explore the various classes of carbohydr...
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What is active transport?
Active transport is a process that requires energy, often in the form of ATP, to...
What are the classes of carbohydrates and their biological i...
Carbohydrates are classified into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccha...
Describe the sodium-glucose co-transport.
The sodium-glucose co-transport involves sodium ions moving along their concentr...
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