CBF | Lectures 11 and 12
CBF | Lectures 11 and 12
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Quiz Questions (4 questions)
1. Lipid-soluble molecules, such as alcohols, can diffuse through the plasma membrane because they dissolve in the lipid bilayer. The plasma membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer that provides a barrier to most water-soluble substances, but allows lipid-soluble substances to pass through by diffusion.
2. Fat-soluble molecules enter the cell by dissolving in the lipid layers of the cell membrane and then diffusing through. The cell membrane is comprised of a phospholipid bilayer which allows these lipid-soluble substances to penetrate and enter the cell without the need for transport proteins.
3. The rate of diffusion of a particle across a membrane increases if the number of protein channels increases. Protein channels facilitate the transport of substances across the cell membrane, so more channels mean more pathways for molecules to pass through, enhancing diffusion rate.
4. A hypertonic solution for red blood cells is 1.0% NaCl. In a hypertonic solution, the concentration of solutes outside the cell is higher than inside, causing water to move out of the cell and potentially leading to cell shrinkage or crenation.
Previous Exam Questions (11 questions)
1. Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion are both processes for moving substances across a cell membrane. Both do not require adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for the movement of molecules, meaning they occur passively without the need for energy input. Simple diffusion involves the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration directly through the membrane, while facilitated diffusion requires specific transport proteins to help substances move across the membrane.
2. The impermeability of a lipid-insoluble substance is primarily due to its electrical charge. The cell membrane is composed of a lipid bilayer that is selectively permeable, allowing only certain substances to pass through. Charged particles or polar molecules cannot easily cross the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer without assistance, making them impermeable without specific transport mechanisms.
3. Osmolality is a measure of solute concentration, defined as the number of osmoles of solute per kilogram of water. This is important in medical settings because it helps determine the osmotic pressure of a solution, which can affect fluid balance and distribution in the body. In the context of an intravenous saline solution, osmolality ensures the solution is isotonic with bodily fluids, preventing red blood cell swelling or shrinkage.
4. A solution is considered hypertonic for red blood cells if it has a higher concentration of solutes than the fluid inside the cells, causing water to move out of the cells. Among the given options, 1.0% NaCl is hypertonic, leading to cell shrinkage or crenation as water exits the cells to balance the solute concentration.
5. In a hot desert environment, prolonged exposure to the sun without adequate fluid intake leads to dehydration. This results in decreased extracellular volume due to fluid loss, increased extracellular osmolarity as solute concentration becomes more concentrated, and decreased intracellular volume as water moves out of cells to balance the osmotic gradient.
6. The Na, K ATPase is an essential protein pump that maintains cellular ion gradients. It uses energy from ATP to extrude 3 sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell and bring 2 potassium ions (K+) into the cell. This active transport process is crucial for maintaining the electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane, which is vital for various cellular functions, including nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction.
7. Fat-soluble molecules normally enter cells by dissolving in the lipid layers of the cell membrane and entering through diffusion. The cell membrane is primarily composed of lipids, allowing these molecules to pass through more readily than water-soluble substances, which require transport proteins or channels.
8. The rate of diffusion of particles across a membrane increases with the number of protein channels. More channels provide more pathways for particles to pass through, enhancing the overall diffusion rate. This is particularly important for facilitated diffusion, where specific proteins assist the passage of molecules that cannot diffuse through the lipid bilayer on their own.
9. The plasma membrane's permeability is influenced by several factors which include the thickness of the membrane, lipid solubility, number of protein channels, temperature, and the molecular diameter of substances attempting to pass through. These factors determine how easily substances can traverse the membrane, a critical function in cellular homeostasis.
10. Voltage-gated channels and ligand-gated channels are two types of gated channels in cell membranes. Voltage-gated channels open or close in response to changes in membrane potential, such as during an action potential. Ligand-gated channels, on the other hand, open or close when specific signaling molecules, known as ligands, bind to them, leading to conformational changes that permit ion passage.
11. Carrier proteins exhibit specificity, competition, and saturation, which are critical characteristics for their function in transporting substances across cell membranes. Specificity refers to the carrier's ability to select particular molecules, competition describes how similar molecules can vie for transport, and saturation occurs when all carrier proteins are occupied, limiting the rate of transport regardless of increased substrate concentration.
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CBFLectures11and12
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**Lecture Summary** **Quiz Points:** • 1- Diffusion of lipid-soluble substances 1.The substances become dissolved in the lipid and transported to the other side. 2.The rate of diffusion is directly proportional to their lipid solubility. For example: Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon dioxide, Alcohols • Pas...
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What is the diffusion of lipid-soluble substances through th...
Diffusion of lipid-soluble substances involves these substances dissolving in th...
How does the rate of diffusion correlate with lipid solubili...
The rate of diffusion is directly proportional to the lipid solubility of a subs...
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Water molecules are small, uncharged, and have high kinetic energy, enabling the...
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