RRS | Lecture 17
RRS | Lecture 17
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Quiz Questions (5 questions)
1. Respiratory acidosis results from the retention of carbon dioxide (CO2) due to respiratory obstruction, leading to increased CO2 levels in the blood and decreased pH.
2. The bicarbonate buffer system is the most important buffer in the extracellular fluid, primarily consisting of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) and carbonic acid (H2CO3), which help maintain blood pH balance.
3. Within the renal tubules, the phosphate buffer system is critical, involving phosphate ions (HPO4^2-) which buffer urinary pH and aid in the excretion of hydrogen ions (H+).
4. Respiratory alkalosis is not caused by vomiting of gastric contents; vomiting typically leads to metabolic alkalosis due to loss of stomach acid (HCl).
5. Hemoglobin acts as a significant buffer in blood by binding to hydrogen ions (H+) and carbon dioxide (CO2), playing a more crucial role than plasma proteins in maintaining acid-base balance.
Previous Exam Questions (12 questions)
1. Respiratory acidosis can be caused by CO2 retaining due to respiratory obstruction. The obstruction limits the expulsion of carbon dioxide during exhalation, leading to its accumulation in the blood, resulting in an increase in hydrogen ion concentration and a decrease in pH, causing acidosis.
2. The chemical buffers system of the body utilizes plasma proteins and hemoglobin as the major chemical blood buffers. These buffers maintain blood pH by accepting or donating hydrogen ions, thus stabilizing pH changes. The phosphate buffer system, although present, is not the predominant buffer in the extracellular fluid.
3. Respiratory alkalosis can be caused by polycythemia. Polycythemia increases red blood cell count which can enhance oxygen transport but may also cause hyperventilation, leading to excessive CO2 expulsion, reducing blood CO2 levels, and increasing blood pH, resulting in alkalosis.
4. The chemical buffers system of the body includes the bicarbonate buffer which is an important buffer in renal tubules. It maintains pH balance by converting bicarbonate and hydrogen ions into carbonic acid and water, helping stabilize pH in the kidneys. The phosphate buffer system is the predominant buffer in the renal tubules.
5. When carbon dioxide levels in the blood decrease below normal levels, the pH of the blood increases. This is because CO2 is converted to carbonic acid in the blood, and a decrease in CO2 reduces the concentration of carbonic acid, thus reducing hydrogen ion concentration and increasing pH, making the blood more alkaline.
6. The statement about respiratory acidosis that is incorrect is that it is caused by hyperventilation. Respiratory acidosis is actually caused by decreased alveolar ventilation, which leads to increased CO2 retention and decreased pH, not by hyperventilation which would cause respiratory alkalosis.
7. The most important buffer in the intracellular fluid is hemoglobin. In red blood cells, hemoglobin not only transports oxygen but also acts as a buffer by binding to hydrogen ions, thus playing a crucial role in maintaining intracellular pH balance.
8. The falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of CO2 due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates respiratory acidosis. These conditions impair gas exchange, causing CO2 retention which increases hydrogen ion concentration, decreasing pH and leading to acidosis.
9. The pH of the blood must be kept tightly within the normal range because most enzymes act within a narrow pH range, which is crucial for proper biochemical reactions. Enzymes, which are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, can lose their shape and function if the pH is too high or too low, leading to metabolic disturbances.
10. Additionally, the pH affects the concentration and balance of electrolytes such as sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and chloride (Cl-). These ions are essential for maintaining fluid balance, nerve transmission, and muscle contraction. An imbalance in pH can disrupt these processes, leading to conditions such as arrhythmias or muscle weakness.
11. The pH can also affect the function of hormones, which are chemical messengers that regulate various physiological processes. Hormones rely on specific pH levels to bind to their receptors and initiate their effects. Deviations in pH can alter hormone activity, affecting metabolism, growth, and stress responses.
12. Furthermore, pH influences the excitability of nerve and muscle cells. A proper pH balance ensures that nerve and muscle cells can generate and transmit electrical signals effectively. Abnormal pH levels can lead to either excessive excitability or decreased responsiveness, resulting in neurological and muscular disorders.
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RRSLecture17
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**Acid-Base Balance and Respiratory Physiology** In the realm of human physiology, understanding the regulation of acid-base balance is critical for maintaining homeostasis. The acid-base balance is defined by the concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood, and this balance is vital because small...
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What is respiratory acidosis?
Respiratory acidosis results from the retention of carbon dioxide (CO2) due to r...
What is the role of the respiratory system in acid-base bala...
The respiratory system helps maintain acid-base balance by regulating the levels...
How does the bicarbonate buffer system function?
The bicarbonate buffer system is the most important buffer in the extracellular...
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