RRS | Lecture 16
RRS | Lecture 16
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Quiz Questions (10 questions)
1. A 3-year-old girl with symptoms such as runny nose, nasal congestion, sore throat, cough, fever, hoarseness, harsh loud cough, and inspiratory stridor is most likely suffering from a viral infection.
2. Juvenile angiofibroma, a diagnosis for nasal obstruction with frequent nosebleeds in the context of ENT examination, is a benign tumor typically occurring in adolescent males.
3. A 4-year-old boy with multiple recurrent laryngeal squamous cell papillomas is most likely affected by the Human papilloma virus. This virus is known for causing papillomas in the respiratory tract.
4. A 28-year-old man, who is a singer and presents with progressive hoarseness over the past year without significant fever, cough, or sputum production, is likely to have a reactive nodule. This condition is often related to vocal strain.
5. A young lady with nasal obstruction and a polypoid lesion in the nasal cavity with biopsy showing edematous stroma and numerous eosinophils is most likely suffering from allergic rhinitis.
6. Mast cells, which play a role in allergic rhinitis, are immune cells that release histamine and other mediators contributing to allergic symptoms.
7. Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis is the bacterium responsible for causing rhinoscleroma, a chronic granulomatous disease affecting the nose and nasopharynx.
8. Acute inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi in young children is often caused by viruses, which are the most common infectious agents in this age group.
9. Angiofibroma of the nasopharynx is not typically encountered in elderly persons; it is more common in adolescent males.
10. Supraglottic squamous carcinoma often has a worse prognosis compared to glottic carcinoma due to its tendency for earlier spread to lymph nodes and surrounding structures.
Previous Exam Questions (13 questions)
1. The squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx is a type of cancer that develops from the squamous epithelial cells lining the larynx. It is often associated with risk factors such as cigarette smoking, which can cause mutations in the cells leading to cancer. Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection can also be linked to its development, particularly in oropharyngeal cancers, but smoking remains a more significant risk factor.
2. Allergic rhinitis is a condition that involves mast cells, which are a type of immune cell that play a crucial role in the body's allergic response. When allergens like pollen are inhaled, they bind to Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies on the surface of mast cells, triggering the release of histamine and other chemicals. This results in symptoms such as sneezing, nasal congestion, and itchy eyes, characteristic of an IgE-mediated Type I hypersensitivity reaction.
3. Human papilloma virus (HPV) is commonly associated with laryngeal squamous cell papillomas, which are benign growths in the larynx. These growths can cause voice changes and breathing difficulties due to their location. HPV infection is the underlying etiology, particularly types 6 and 11, which are known to cause recurrent respiratory papillomatosis.
4. The smoking of tobacco is a significant etiological factor in the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. The carcinogens in tobacco smoke cause damage to the DNA in the cells lining the larynx, leading to mutations that can result in cancer. This risk is compounded by factors such as alcohol consumption, which can have a synergistic effect in increasing the likelihood of cancer development.
5. Olfactory neuroblastoma, also known as esthesioneuroblastoma, is a rare malignant tumor that arises from the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity. Histologically, it is characterized by the presence of small round blue cells set in a neurofibrillary matrix, which can invade surrounding structures and cause symptoms like nasal congestion and epistaxis (nosebleeds).
6. Rhinoscleroma is a chronic granulomatous disease of the upper respiratory tract caused by the bacterium Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis. It is characterized by the formation of granulomas, which are collections of immune cells attempting to wall off the infection. The disease typically affects the nasal cavity, leading to nasal obstruction and deformity.
7. Squamous cell papilloma is a benign tumor of the larynx characterized by finger-like projections of orderly hyperplastic squamous epithelium overlying fibrovascular cores. These papillomas can cause changes in voice and breathing difficulties due to their location on the vocal cords and subglottic region. They are often associated with HPV infection, particularly types 6 and 11, and are more common in children and young adults.
8. The diagnostic cell in rhinoscleroma is the Mikulicz cell, which is a type of foamy macrophage that is filled with bacteria and is characteristic of this disease. These cells, along with other inflammatory cells such as lymphocytes and plasma cells, form part of the granulomatous inflammation seen in rhinoscleroma.
9. Allergic rhinitis is diagnosed histologically by the presence of edematous stroma with numerous eosinophils. Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that play a key role in allergic reactions and are typically elevated in conditions such as allergic rhinitis. The presence of eosinophils in the nasal polypoid lesion suggests an allergic etiology.
10. The immune mechanism involved in allergic rhinitis is an IgE-mediated Type I hypersensitivity reaction, which involves mast cells. These cells release histamine and other inflammatory mediators upon exposure to an allergen, leading to symptoms such as sneezing and nasal congestion. This process also results in an increased number of eosinophils in the blood and nasal discharge, contributing to the inflammatory response.
11. The virus associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma is Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which is known for its role in the development of this type of cancer. EBV infects cells in the nasopharynx and can lead to malignant transformation, particularly in individuals with genetic susceptibility or environmental exposures. The virus is also associated with other lymphoproliferative disorders.
12. The risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx include cigarette smoking, which is the primary risk factor due to the carcinogenic compounds in tobacco smoke. Alcohol consumption is another significant risk factor, especially when combined with smoking. Additionally, exposure to environmental toxins such as asbestos can increase the risk of developing this cancer. These factors contribute to the mutation and malignant transformation of squamous cells in the larynx.
13. The histological features of rhinoscleroma include the presence of chronic inflammatory cells such as lymphocytes and plasma cells. Mikulicz cells, which are foamy histiocytes, are characteristic of this condition. These cells contain intracellular immunoglobulin inclusions known as Russell bodies, which are indicative of chronic inflammation. Rhinoscleroma is a granulomatous disease affecting the upper respiratory tract, caused by the bacterium Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis, leading to nasal obstruction and deformity.
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**Diseases of the Upper Respiratory Tract** Understanding the intricacies of the upper respiratory tract is crucial for medical students as it involves a variety of conditions affecting the nose, nasopharynx, and larynx. This chapter will cover the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and clinical aspec...
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What is the most likely viral infection causing symptoms of...
The condition is likely viral croup, often caused by the Parainfluenza virus.
What are the common symptoms of the common cold?
The common symptoms of the common cold include coryza (runny nose), sneezing, na...
What is Juvenile Angiofibroma and who is most commonly affec...
Juvenile Angiofibroma is a benign tumor typically occurring in adolescent males,...
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