RRS | Lecture 13
RRS | Lecture 13
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Quiz Questions (5 questions)
1. CO2 is transported in the blood primarily in three forms: dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin forming carbaminohemoglobin, and as bicarbonate ions. The imidazole ring of glutamate does not play a role in this transport.
2. The diffusion of CO2 across alveolar membranes is facilitated by its high lipid solubility, allowing it to pass through the membranes more rapidly than O2, which relies more on partial pressure gradients.
3. In normal venous blood, carbon dioxide is transported approximately 70% as bicarbonate ions, 23% bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin, and around 7% dissolved in plasma.
4. Bicarbonate ions act as the major buffer for CO2 in the blood, helping maintain pH balance by neutralizing acids and bases.
5. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in the blood primarily depends on alveolar ventilation, which regulates the removal of CO2 from the blood during respiration.
Previous Exam Questions (15 questions)
1. As blood passes through tissue capillaries, the hemoglobin (Hb) affinity for oxygen (O2) decreases and the dissociation curve shifts to the right. This happens because, in the tissues, there is a higher concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2), increased temperature, and lower pH (more acidic environment), all of which reduce Hb's affinity for O2, facilitating O2 release to the tissues.
2. The O2 dissociation curve of myoglobin acts as a store of O2 to be used by muscles where O2 tension becomes very low in tissues. Myoglobin has a higher affinity for O2 compared to hemoglobin, allowing it to effectively bind and store O2 until it is needed by the muscle, such as during intense exercise when the O2 demand is high.
3. O2 delivery to the tissues is inhibited by a shift of the pH of the tissues from normal towards alkalosis. Alkalosis causes the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve to shift to the left, increasing Hb's affinity for O2 and thereby reducing the release of O2 to the tissues.
4. In anemic hypoxia, there is a normal partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), normal percentage saturation of hemoglobin (Hbg), and low arterial O2 content. This condition is characterized by a reduced amount of hemoglobin available to carry O2, despite normal O2 saturation and pressure, leading to reduced O2 delivery to tissues.
5. The oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the left with a rise in pH of the blood. An increase in pH (alkalosis) increases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, meaning less O2 is released to the tissues at a given partial pressure of oxygen.
6. Carbon dioxide is NOT transported in the blood bound to the carboxyl group of hemoglobin. CO2 is primarily transported as bicarbonate ions, bound to proteins as carbamino compounds, and dissolved in plasma.
7. Compared to venous red blood cells, arterial red blood cells have a decreased intracellular chloride concentration and decreased cell volume. This is due to the chloride shift (Hamburger phenomenon), where chloride ions move out of RBCs in exchange for bicarbonate ions during gas exchange in the lungs.
8. The diffusion of CO2 across the alveolar membranes is much faster than O2 due to CO2's larger lipid solubility. CO2 diffuses more readily through the lipid bilayer of cell membranes because it is more soluble in lipids compared to O2.
9. Regarding CO2 transport in the blood, the Haldane effect means that binding of O2 with hemoglobin tends to displace CO2 from the blood. This effect facilitates CO2 release from the blood into the alveoli in the lungs, enhancing CO2 exhalation.
10. The Haldane effect is characterized by the binding of O2 to hemoglobin favoring the release of CO2. When O2 binds to hemoglobin, it reduces hemoglobin's affinity for CO2, aiding in the unloading of CO2 in the lungs.
11. The most important factor in the transport of CO2 as bicarbonate is the enzyme carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells (RBCs). This enzyme catalyzes the rapid conversion of CO2 and water to carbonic acid, which then dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions, facilitating CO2 transport.
12. As a net result of chloride shift phenomena, chloride concentration is increased in the venous blood. The chloride shift, also known as the Hamburger phenomenon, refers to the exchange of bicarbonate (HCO3-) and chloride (Cl-) across the red blood cell membrane. This process helps maintain the electrochemical balance as bicarbonate ions are produced from carbon dioxide (CO2) transport. In venous blood, CO2 is converted to bicarbonate within red blood cells, leading to an efflux of bicarbonate into the plasma in exchange for chloride ions entering the red blood cells, which results in increased chloride concentration in venous blood.
13. Chloride concentration is increased in the venous blood due to the chloride shift, which plays a crucial role in CO2 transport and acid-base balance. This exchange allows for efficient CO2 removal from tissues and its transport to the lungs for exhalation, critical for maintaining blood pH and homeostasis.
14. The Bohr effect helps in the oxygenation of the blood in the lung by facilitating hemoglobin's release of carbon dioxide (CO2) and uptake of oxygen (O2). As blood passes through the lungs, CO2 diffuses from the blood into the alveoli, decreasing the partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2) and hydrogen ion (H+) concentration. This reduction causes a leftward shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, increasing hemoglobin's affinity for O2. Consequently, more oxygen binds to hemoglobin, enhancing oxygenation of the blood.
15. In the lungs, the Bohr effect is crucial for efficient gas exchange. The decrease in CO2 and H+ concentration leads to a higher affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, promoting oxygen uptake. This mechanism ensures that oxygen is effectively loaded onto hemoglobin in the pulmonary capillaries, ready to be delivered to tissues throughout the body.
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**Transport of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood** Understanding the physiology of carbon dioxide (**CO2**) transport in the blood is crucial for comprehending how the body maintains homeostasis and acid-base balance. **CO2** is a byproduct of cellular metabolism and plays a significant role in regulatin...
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What is the primary form carbon dioxide is transported in th...
Carbon dioxide is primarily transported in the blood as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)...
What are the three ways carbon dioxide is transported in the...
Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in three ways: as dissolved CO2 (7%),...
How does the chloride shift facilitate CO2 transport?
The chloride shift facilitates CO2 transport by exchanging bicarbonate ions (HCO...
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