RRS | Lecture 12
RRS | Lecture 12
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Quiz Questions (5 questions)
1. Cyanosis is a condition where there is a bluish discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes due to an increase in the concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin in arterial blood. This occurs because deoxygenated hemoglobin absorbs more red light and reflects more blue light.
2. Hypoxic hypoxia is a form of hypoxia where there is a decreased saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen. This occurs because there is not enough oxygen available in the environment or the lungs to saturate hemoglobin adequately.
3. Anemia is a condition characterized by a decreased number of red blood cells or hemoglobin, leading to reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. In severely anemic individuals, arterial blood maintains partial oxygen pressure but with reduced overall oxygen content.
4. The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is increased by a decrease in partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in the blood. This is related to the Bohr effect, where lower carbon dioxide levels lead to an increase in pH, promoting hemoglobin binding to oxygen.
5. The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the left under conditions such as decreased temperature. This indicates an increased affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, meaning hemoglobin holds onto oxygen more tightly, releasing less into tissues.
Previous Exam Questions (13 questions)
1. As blood passes through tissue capillaries, the affinity of hemoglobin (Hb) for oxygen (O2) decreases, causing the Hb-O2 dissociation curve to shift to the right. This is due to the Bohr effect, where increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen ions (H+) in the tissues result in hemoglobin releasing oxygen more readily. This rightward shift facilitates the delivery of oxygen to metabolically active tissues.
2. The O2 dissociation curve of myoglobin demonstrates that myoglobin acts as a store of O2 to be used by muscle tissues when O2 tension becomes very low. Myoglobin, found in muscle tissues, has a high affinity for oxygen and acts as an oxygen reserve. Unlike hemoglobin, myoglobin binds only one molecule of O2 and has a hyperbolic dissociation curve, reflecting its role in oxygen storage rather than transport.
3. O2 delivery to tissues is inhibited when the pH of the tissues shifts from normal towards alkalosis. In alkalosis, the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen increases, resulting in a leftward shift of the Hb-O2 dissociation curve. This makes it more difficult for hemoglobin to release oxygen to the tissues, thereby inhibiting oxygen delivery.
4. In anemic hypoxia, there is a normal partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), normal percent saturation of hemoglobin (Hbg), but low arterial oxygen content. This condition is characterized by a reduced amount of hemoglobin available to carry oxygen, resulting in decreased oxygen delivery to tissues despite normal saturation levels.
5. The oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the left with a rise in pH of the blood. A leftward shift indicates increased hemoglobin affinity for oxygen, which can occur in conditions such as alkalosis. This shift makes it more challenging for tissues to extract oxygen from the blood.
6. CO2 is not transported in the blood bound to the carboxyl group of hemoglobin. Instead, CO2 is primarily transported as bicarbonate ions, bound to the amino end groups in proteins (forming carbamino compounds), and dissolved in the blood.
7. Compared to venous red blood cells, arterial red blood cells have decreased intracellular chloride concentration and decreased cell volume. This occurs due to the chloride shift or Hamburger effect, wherein chloride ions leave the red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions during the transport of CO2 from tissues to the lungs.
8. The diffusion of CO2 across alveolar membranes is much faster than O2 due to CO2's larger lipid solubility. This greater solubility allows for more rapid diffusion through the alveolar-capillary barrier, ensuring efficient gas exchange and removal of CO2 from the body.
9. The Haldane effect means that the binding of O2 with hemoglobin tends to displace CO2 from the blood. This effect facilitates the release of CO2 in the lungs, where oxygenation of hemoglobin occurs, enhancing CO2 excretion.
10. The Haldane effect is characterized by the binding of O2 to hemoglobin, which favors the release of CO2. This effect is crucial for efficient CO2 clearance in the lungs, where oxygenation of blood occurs, and CO2 is excreted.
11. The most important factor in the transport of CO2 as bicarbonate is the presence of carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells. This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and water into carbonic acid, which quickly dissociates into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions, facilitating CO2 transport in the blood.
12. As a net result of chloride shift phenomena, chloride concentration is increased in the venous blood, and HCO3- concentration is increased in the plasma and RBCs. The chloride shift refers to the exchange of bicarbonate (HCO3-) and chloride ions (Cl-) across the red blood cell membrane. This process is crucial for maintaining the acid-base balance in the blood as CO2 is transported from tissues to the lungs. In venous blood, CO2 is converted to bicarbonate in red blood cells, and chloride ions enter the cells to balance the charge, leading to increased chloride concentration in venous blood.
13. The Bohr effect helps in the oxygenation of the blood in the lung by facilitating the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) from blood into the alveoli, which lowers blood PCO2 and hydrogen ion concentration (H+). This reduction causes the oxygen dissociation curve to shift to the left, enhancing the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. As a result, more oxygen binds to hemoglobin, promoting oxygenation of the blood. The Bohr effect is significant in physiological conditions where increased CO2 and H+ concentrations in tissues promote oxygen release from hemoglobin, and conversely, reduced CO2 and H+ in the lungs enhance oxygen uptake.
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**Mechanism of Oxygen Carriage in the Blood** Understanding the mechanism by which oxygen is carried in the blood is essential for grasping human physiology. Oxygen transport is a vital physiological process that ensures tissues receive adequate oxygen to meet metabolic demands. Let's delve into th...
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What is cyanosis and what causes it?
Cyanosis is a condition where there is a bluish discoloration of the skin or muc...
What is cyanosis and how does it relate to the failure of ox...
Cyanosis is a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by an...
Describe hypoxic hypoxia.
Hypoxic hypoxia is a form of hypoxia where there is a decreased saturation of he...
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