PMS | Lectures 11 and 12
PMS | Lectures 11 and 12
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Quiz Questions (5 questions)
1. The clavicle is subcutaneous throughout its whole extent, meaning it lies directly under the skin, and is palpable along its entire length which connects the sternum to the scapula.
2. The scapula's lateral end of the spine forms the acromion, which articulates with the clavicle, providing the bony connection between the shoulder blade and the collarbone.
3. The humerus has a surgical neck located immediately below the head, followed by the greater and lesser tuberosities which are separated by the bicipital groove, facilitating attachment for muscles and ligaments.
4. The femur is the longest and heaviest bone in the body, contributing significantly to weight-bearing and locomotion, forming part of the hip and knee joints.
5. The fibula takes no part in the articulation at the knee joint, serving mainly as a site for muscle attachment and providing lateral stability to the ankle.
Previous Exam Questions (25 questions)
1. The cranium encloses the brain, provides attachment sites for some head and neck muscles, and forms cavities for the sense organs of sight, taste, and smell. These bones are connected by fibrous joints called sutures.
2. The orbit houses the eyeballs, is located in the lateral aspect of the cranial base, and occurs in several bones around the nasal cavity.
3. The vertebral body is the most anterior part of a vertebra, providing support and protection for the spinal cord.
4. The sacrum is a wedge-shaped structure that forms the posterior part of the pelvic girdle and is composed of fused vertebrae.
5. The radius and ulna are two bones in the forearm. The interosseous membrane interconnects the radius and ulna, allowing for pronation and supination of the forearm.
6. The bones of the foot include 7 tarsal bones, which form the ankle; 5 metatarsal bones, which form the arch of the foot; and 14 phalanges, which form the toes.
7. The femur is not part of the axial skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
8. The vertebral column functions to protect the spinal cord, support body weight, and transmit weight to the pelvis and lower limbs. It does not facilitate breathing.
9. The 1st to 7th ribs are considered 'true ribs' because they are directly attached to the sternum via their costal cartilages.
10. The acetabulum articulates with the femur to form the hip joint, allowing for a wide range of motion.
11. The clavicle connects the upper limb to the trunk through its articulation with the sternum and the acromion of the scapula.
12. The cervical vertebrae are responsible for supporting the skull and allowing for its range of motion.
13. The ulna is known as the stabilizing bone of the forearm, providing a surface for the attachment of muscles and ligaments.
14. The medial malleolus is a feature of the tibia and forms part of the ankle joint, providing stability.
15. The shoulder girdle consists of two bones: the clavicle, which is located anteriorly, and the scapula, which is located posteriorly. The clavicle acts as a strut to hold the shoulder joint away from the torso, enhancing the range of motion and stability, while the scapula provides attachment points for multiple muscles involved in shoulder and arm movements.
16. The spinal cord tapers off inferiorly into the conus medullaris and ends in the adult at the level of the lower border of the 1st lumbar vertebra (L1-L2). This tapered end is crucial as it transitions into the cauda equina, a bundle of spinal nerves and nerve roots, which innervate the pelvis and lower limbs.
17. Permanent teeth are 32 in number, which include incisors, canines, premolars, and molars in each quadrant of the mouth. This full set of teeth is important for effective chewing, speech production, and maintaining the structural integrity of the jaws.
18. In the adult, the lower end of the spinal cord reaches inferiorly as far as the lower border of the 1st lumbar vertebra. This anatomical termination is significant for procedures like lumbar punctures, which are performed below this level to avoid injury to the spinal cord.
19. In the adult, the spinal cord ends at the level of the 1st lumbar vertebra (L1). This endpoint is clinically important to note during surgical and diagnostic interventions to prevent injury to the spinal cord.
20. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. This skeletal division provides the main framework of the body, protecting vital organs such as the brain, heart, and lungs, while also offering an attachment site for muscles that facilitate respiration and posture.
21. The vertebral column is divided into five regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal. Each region has its own distinct characteristics and functions, providing flexibility, support, and protection to the spinal cord while allowing movement.
22. The glenoid cavity of the scapula articulates with the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint. This ball-and-socket joint allows for a wide range of motion, making it one of the most mobile joints in the body, essential for lifting, throwing, and reaching activities.
23. The pelvic girdle is composed of the sacrum and the right and left hip bones. This bony structure bears the weight of the upper body, supports locomotion by connecting the spine to the lower limbs, and protects pelvic organs.
24. The sacrum is formed by the fusion of five sacral vertebrae. This triangular bone is critical for stability and strength in the pelvis, creating a foundation to support the weight of the upper body and distribute it to the lower limbs.
25. The tibia articulates superiorly with the femur and inferiorly with the talus. These articulations form the knee and ankle joints, respectively, which are crucial for weight-bearing and movement activities such as walking, running, and jumping.
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PMSLectures11and12
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**Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Skeleton** The human skeleton is a complex framework that supports the body, protects vital organs, and enables movement. It is divided into two main parts: the **axial skeleton**, which includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, and the **appendicular...
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What is the function of the clavicle?
The clavicle connects the upper limb to the trunk, provides attachment for muscl...
What is the primary function of the cranium?
The primary function of the cranium is to enclose the brain, provide attachment...
Describe the anatomical features of the scapula.
The scapula is a triangular flat bone located on the posterolateral aspect of th...
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