PMS | Lecture 5
PMS | Lecture 5
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Quiz Questions (25 questions)
1. The plane which divides the body into anterior and posterior parts is known as the coronal plane. This plane runs vertically through the body from side to side, creating the front and back portions.
2. The plane that divides the body into upper and lower parts is the transverse plane. This horizontal plane runs parallel to the ground, separating the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) sections.
3. A structure situated nearer to the median plane of the body than another is described as medial. This term is used in anatomical terminology to denote proximity to the midline of the body.
4. The knee cap is anatomically known as the patella. It is a small, flat, triangular bone located at the front of the knee joint, playing a critical role in knee extension.
5. The humerus is classified as a long bone. Long bones are characterized by a cylindrical shaft and are primarily composed of compact bone, making them strong and capable of bearing weight.
6. The vertebra is classified as an irregular bone. Irregular bones have complex shapes that do not fit into other bone classification categories, providing structural support and protection for the spinal cord.
7. Circumduction is a circular movement of a limb that combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. This movement is commonly observed in ball-and-socket joints, like the shoulder.
8. Smooth muscle makes up the muscular portion of various visceral organs. These muscles are involuntary and are found in the walls of hollow organs, helping move substances through the body.
9. Muscles with two rows of muscle fibers and a central tendon, resembling a feather, are described as bipennate. This arrangement allows for greater strength and force generation.
10. A suture is an example of a fibrous joint. These joints are immovable and are found between the bones of the skull, providing protection for the brain.
11. The interosseous membrane between the radius and ulna is classified as a fibrous joint. This fibrous structure provides stability and allows for some movement between these bones in the forearm.
12. The elbow joint is an example of a hinge synovial joint. This type of joint allows for flexion and extension movements, similar to the action of a door hinge.
13. The hip joint is an example of a ball and socket synovial joint. This joint type provides a wide range of motion, including rotation, abduction, and adduction, making it highly versatile.
14. Hematopoiesis, the formation of blood cells, primarily takes place in the red bone marrow. This tissue is found in the cavities of certain bones and is vital for producing red and white blood cells and platelets.
15. Pneumatic bones, which contain air spaces to reduce weight, are present in the skull. These spaces help lighten the skull and improve resonance for the voice.
16. Sesamoid bones are small masses of bone that develop within tendons. They help reduce friction and modify pressure, typically found in locations such as the patella.
17. The shaft is the central part of a long bone. This cylindrical portion, also known as the diaphysis, is composed mainly of compact bone and provides structural support.
18. Ribs and sternum are parts of the axial skeleton. This skeletal division includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, supporting the body's central axis.
19. The epidermis is the outer layer of the skin. It provides a protective barrier against environmental damage and is composed of several layers of cells.
20. Superficial fascia is the second envelope of the body, lying beneath the skin. It consists of loose connective tissue and fat, providing insulation and padding.
21. Deep fascia is the third envelope of the body, a dense connective tissue layer enveloping muscles and organs. It provides structural support and compartmentalizes muscle groups.
22. Rotation at the shoulder joint involves medial rotation, where the arm moves inward toward the body's midline. This movement is crucial for various upper limb actions.
23. The biceps muscle is an example of a fusiform muscle. This muscle type has fibers that run parallel to the length of the muscle, allowing for efficient force production.
24. An antagonist is a muscle that opposes the action of the prime mover during a movement. It helps control and refine motion to prevent injury.
25. The capsule is the deep fascia surrounding the kidney. This protective layer helps maintain the position and protection of the kidney within the abdominal cavity.
Previous Exam Questions (30 questions)
1. The muscles present in the wall of blood vessels are smooth muscles. These muscles are non-striated and involuntary, meaning they function automatically without conscious control. Smooth muscles are responsible for regulating the diameter of blood vessels, which affects blood pressure and flow.
2. Fan-shaped muscles are convergent muscles. These muscles have fibers that converge from a broad origin to a single tendon or point of insertion. An example is the pectoralis major muscle, which allows for versatile movement.
3. The contraction of a muscle to prevent unwanted movement of the prime movers, complementing their action, is called a synergist. Synergists work alongside the prime movers to stabilize joints and refine movement.
4. When a skeletal muscle contracts to cause a movement, the relatively stationary end of attachment is termed its origin. The origin is the fixed attachment, while the insertion moves with contraction.
5. The structure that connects muscles to bones is the tendon. Tendons are tough bands of fibrous connective tissue that transmit the force generated by muscles to bones, facilitating movement.
6. The smooth muscles are present in all of the following except the limbs. Smooth muscles are found in walls of hollow organs like the urinary bladder, intestine, and gall bladder, but not in the limbs, which contain skeletal muscles.
7. Muscles of limbs are striated (striped) and under the control of will, meaning they are voluntary muscles. These skeletal muscles are responsible for movement and are consciously controlled.
8. In strap muscle shape, the fibers run directly from their origin to their insertion. Strap muscles are long and uniform, like the sartorius muscle, allowing a greater range of motion.
9. A unipennate muscle form has fibers located to one side of a tendon that runs the entire length of the muscle. This arrangement allows for powerful contractions, like in the extensor digitorum muscle.
10. The prime mover in the movement of extending the knee joint is the quadriceps femoris. This large muscle group located at the front of the thigh is crucial for extending the knee and is vital in activities like walking and running.
11. A bipennate muscle form has fibers converging to both sides of a central tendon, resembling a feather. This arrangement allows for greater force production, as seen in the rectus femoris muscle.
12. A muscle that stabilizes the origin of the prime mover is called a fixator. Fixators hold the origin steady, allowing the prime mover to act more efficiently, such as the rotator cuff muscles during arm movements.
13. A synergist complements the action of prime movers. Synergists help with the movement by adding extra force or reducing unnecessary movement, ensuring smooth coordination.
14. An antagonist is a muscle that opposes the action of a prime mover. During movement, antagonists stretch and allow controlled and precise movement, such as the triceps brachii opposing the biceps brachii during elbow flexion.
15. Bipennate muscles have two rows of muscle fibers, facing in opposite diagonal directions, with a central tendon, like a feather. This design allows for increased power, as seen in muscles like the rectus femoris.
16. Muscles present in the wall of blood vessels are smooth muscles, which are involuntary and non-striated. These muscles help regulate blood flow and pressure by contracting and relaxing, and are found in the walls of arteries, veins, and lymphatic vessels.
17. For the following muscle shapes, convergent muscles are fan-shaped, which means they have a broad origin and converge to a narrow insertion. This structure allows for a versatile range of movements and is exemplified by muscles like the pectoralis major.
18. Contraction of muscle to prevent unwanted movement of the prime movers, complementing the action, is called synergist activity. Synergists assist in creating smooth and coordinated movements during muscle contraction by stabilizing joints.
19. When a skeletal muscle contracts to cause a given movement, the relatively stationary end of attachment of the muscle is termed its origin. The origin serves as the anchor point, from which the muscle pulls to generate movement towards the insertion.
20. The structure that connects muscles to bones is the tendon, which is a tough, fibrous connective tissue. Tendons transfer the force generated by muscle contraction to bones, facilitating movement.
21. The smooth muscles are present in all of the following except limbs. Smooth muscles are found in hollow organs like the intestines and bladder, where they help move contents through peristalsis and maintain tone.
22. Muscles of limbs are striated and under the control of will, known as voluntary muscles. These skeletal muscles allow for conscious movement and are responsible for locomotion and posture.
23. In strap muscle shape, the fibers run directly from their origin to their insertion, which allows for efficient force transmission and movement, as seen in muscles like the sartorius.
24. A unipennate muscle form has fibers located to one side of a tendon that runs the entire length of the muscle, creating a strong, unidirectional force, exemplified by the extensor digitorum longus.
25. The quadriceps femoris is a prime mover in the movement of extending the knee joint. It is a large muscle group composed of four individual muscles that work together to straighten the knee, crucial for activities like walking and jumping.
26. A bipennate muscle form has fibers converging to both sides of a central tendon, resembling a feather, which allows for a powerful, multidirectional force, as seen in the rectus femoris.
27. A muscle that stabilizes the origin of the prime mover is called a fixator. Fixators provide a stable base for the prime mover to act efficiently, enhancing the precision of movements.
28. Synergist muscles complement the action of prime movers by providing additional force or reducing unnecessary movement, ensuring smooth and coordinated motor activity.
29. An antagonist is a muscle that opposes the action of a prime mover, providing balance and control during movement. For example, the triceps brachii is an antagonist to the biceps brachii during elbow flexion.
30. Bipennate muscles have two rows of muscle fibers, facing in opposite diagonal directions, with a central tendon, like a feather. This arrangement allows for greater force production and is typical in muscles like the deltoid.
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PMSLecture5
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**Muscle Anatomy and Physiology: A Comprehensive Guide** **Introduction to Muscle Types** Muscles are specialized tissues responsible for producing movement through contraction. They are broadly categorized into three types: **skeletal muscles**, **smooth muscles**, and **cardiac muscles**. **Skel...
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What is the plane that divides the body into anterior and po...
The coronal plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. It runs ve...
What is smooth muscle tissue, and where is it found?
Smooth muscle tissue is a type of muscle found in the muscular portions of vario...
Which structure is described as medial in anatomical termino...
A structure situated nearer to the median plane of the body than another is desc...
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