PMS | Lecture 2
PMS | Lecture 2
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Quiz Questions (25 questions)
1. The coronal plane divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts, distinguishing it from other planes like sagittal or transverse.
2. The transverse plane divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts, often referred to as the horizontal plane.
3. A structure located nearer to the median plane of the body is considered medial, meaning it is closer to the central line of the body compared to lateral structures.
4. The patella, commonly known as the knee cap, is a small flat bone located in front of the knee joint, protecting the joint and improving the leverage of the thigh muscles.
5. The humerus is classified as a long bone, which is characterized by its length being greater than its width and providing structural support and mobility.
6. The vertebra is considered an irregular bone, which does not fit into the other bone shape categories due to its complex structure.
7. Circumduction involves circular movement at joints like the shoulder, combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction, allowing a wide range of motion.
8. Smooth muscle makes up the muscular portion of various visceral organs, functioning involuntarily to move substances within the body.
9. Bipennate muscles have fibers arranged on both sides of a central tendon, resembling a feather, which increases the muscle's strength and stability.
10. Sutures are examples of fibrous joints, which are immovable and found between the bones of the skull, providing protection and stability.
11. The interosseous membrane between the radius and ulna is a type of fibrous joint that stabilizes and allows for limited movement between these bones.
12. The elbow joint is a hinge synovial joint, allowing for flexion and extension movements similar to the opening and closing of a door.
13. The hip joint is a ball and socket synovial joint, providing a wide range of motion due to the spherical head of the femur fitting into the acetabulum of the pelvis.
14. Hematopoiesis, the formation of blood cells, primarily occurs in the red bone marrow, found within the cavities of certain bones.
15. Pneumatic bones, such as those in the skull, contain air spaces (sinuses) that reduce weight and provide resonance for the voice.
16. Sesamoid bones, like the patella, develop within tendons to protect them and increase their mechanical advantage during muscle contractions.
17. The shaft, or diaphysis, is the central part of a long bone, providing strength and support, and is composed of compact bone surrounding a medullary cavity.
18. Ribs and sternum are part of the axial skeleton, which forms the central axis of the body and includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.
19. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin, providing a protective barrier against environmental damage and pathogens.
20. Superficial fascia is the second envelope of the body, lying beneath the skin and containing fat and connective tissue, aiding in insulation and protection.
21. Deep fascia is the third envelope of the body, encasing muscles and organs, supporting structures, and providing pathways for nerves and vessels.
22. Medial rotation involves turning a limb toward the midline of the body, such as the movement possible at the shoulder joint.
23. The biceps brachii is an example of a fusiform muscle, characterized by its spindle shape, allowing for powerful contractions and facilitating elbow flexion.
24. An antagonist muscle opposes the action of the prime mover (agonist), helping to control movement and maintain balance during activities.
25. The capsule is the deep fascia surrounding the kidney, providing a protective layer and maintaining the organ's position in the body.
Previous Exam Questions (26 questions)
1. The deep fascia is a connective tissue that surrounds and separates muscles, blood vessels, and nerves, binding those structures together. It is a dense, fibrous layer that provides support and compartmentalizes muscle groups, unlike superficial fascia, which is more flexible and contains fat.
2. The bones are the deepest structures among the options provided, as they form the rigid framework of the body beneath layers of skin, superficial fascia, and deep fascia. They support and protect vital organs and are essential for movement.
3. The thymus gland is not a skin appendage. Skin appendages like sebaceous glands and nails originate from the skin and serve purposes such as lubrication and protection, whereas the thymus gland is part of the immune system.
4. Superficial fascia may contain fat, sweat glands, and blood and lymphatic vessels. However, it does not typically contain muscles, which are surrounded and supported by deep fascia. Tendons, which connect muscles to bones, are also not part of the superficial fascia.
5. The incorrect statement about deep fascia is that its loose layer contains much fat. Deep fascia is actually a tough, fibrous layer that lacks fat and is distinct from superficial fascia, which does contain fat.
6. The palms, soles, and lips do not contain hair. These areas are covered by glabrous skin, which is smooth and hairless, providing better grip and sensitivity.
7. The layer of the body just under the skin is called superficial fascia. It is a loose connective tissue layer that contains fat and helps to insulate and protect the body, differing from deep fascia, which is fibrous and supportive.
8. The incorrect statement about deep fascia is that it is absent in the abdomen. Deep fascia is present throughout the body, enveloping and compartmentalizing muscles and providing a dense, protective layer.
9. The function of sebaceous glands is to lubricate the skin and hair by secreting an oily substance called sebum. This helps to keep the skin and hair moisturized and protects against dryness and bacteria.
10. Hair follicles are formed by extensions of the dermis and epidermis. These structures are part of the skin's anatomy and are responsible for hair growth, with the dermis providing nourishment and the epidermis forming the outer layer.
11. The epidermis is made up of stratified squamous epithelium. This outermost layer of skin provides a protective barrier, lacks blood vessels, and contains structures like sweat glands but not hair follicles.
12. Nails are primarily composed of keratin, a tough, fibrous protein that provides strength and protection. This makes nails durable and resistant to physical damage.
13. The second envelope of the body, located between the skin and deep fascia, is the superficial fascia. It acts as a connective layer, containing fat and facilitating movement of the skin over underlying structures.
14. The connective tissue that surrounds muscles, blood vessels, and nerves, binding those structures together, is called deep fascia, which acts as a supportive and protective layer, helping to compartmentalize and stabilize the structures within the body.
15. The deepest structure among the options provided is bones, which form the rigid framework of the body, providing support, protection to vital organs, and facilitating movement in conjunction with muscles.
16. All of the following are skin appendages except the thymus gland, which is actually an organ of the immune system located in the chest, playing a crucial role in the development of T-cells, important for adaptive immunity.
17. Superficial fascia may contain all of the following except muscles, as it primarily consists of connective tissue and fat, providing insulation and a conduit for nerves and blood vessels, while muscles are deeper structures.
18. Regarding deep fascia, the incorrect statement is that its loose layer contains much fat, as deep fascia is typically a dense, fibrous layer that lacks significant fatty tissue, instead providing a firm sheath around muscles.
19. The palms, soles, and lips do not contain hair, as these areas are specialized to perform functions such as gripping, protection, and sensation, with thickened skin layers and unique structures suited to their roles.
20. The layer of the body just under (or deep to) the skin is called the superficial fascia, which acts as a bridge between the skin and the deeper layers such as muscles and bones, providing cushioning and flexibility.
21. All are true about deep fascia except that it's absent in the abdomen, as deep fascia is present throughout the body, including the abdomen, contributing to the structural integrity and compartmentalization of tissues.
22. The function of sebaceous glands is to lubricate the skin and hair, producing sebum, which keeps the skin hydrated, protects against bacteria, and maintains the flexibility and health of hair.
23. Hair follicles are formed by extensions of the dermis and epidermis, which create a structure that supports hair growth, anchoring the hair shaft and providing necessary nutrients and signals for hair production.
24. The epidermis is made up of stratified squamous epithelium, which forms the outermost protective layer of the skin, acting as a barrier against environmental damage and preventing water loss.
25. Nails are primarily composed of keratin, which is a durable and tough protein that forms the hard, protective covering of the nail, aiding in defense and fine motor tasks by providing support to the fingertips.
26. The second envelope of the body, located between the skin and deep fascia, is the superficial fascia or hypodermis, which serves as a connective tissue layer that stores fat, provides insulation, and allows skin mobility.
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PMSLecture2
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**Understanding the Planes and Directions of the Human Body** **The Coronal Plane** divides the body into **anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts**. This is important for medical students to distinguish from other planes. The **sagittal plane** divides the body into left and right parts, whil...
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