RRS | Lecture 6
RRS | Lecture 6
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Quiz Questions (5 questions)
1. The pleural pressure during resting conditions is approximately -5 mmHg. During inspiration, the pleural pressure becomes more negative, reaching approximately -7 mmHg, reflecting the mechanical changes as the thoracic cavity expands and the lungs draw in air.
2. The pulmonary alveoli are the functional units of the respiratory system where gas exchange occurs. They are small sac-like structures at the end of the respiratory tree, surrounded by capillaries, and this is where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide is removed.
3. In normal inspiration, the diaphragm contracts, increasing the thoracic cavity's volume and decreasing the pressure inside to allow air inflow, making it an active process. It contrasts with expiration, which primarily relies on the elastic recoil of the lungs and thoracic wall to facilitate air outflow, a process that is passive.
4. Pneumothorax causes collapse of the alveoli and can lead to a shift of the mediastinum, reduced lung expansion, and potentially serious respiratory compromise. It involves air entering the pleural space, disrupting the negative pressure needed to keep the lungs inflated.
5. Intrapulmonary pressure, which is inside the lung airways, is greater than intrapleural pressure, which is the pressure within the pleural cavity. This pressure difference is crucial for keeping the lungs inflated and is necessary for normal breathing mechanics.
Previous Exam Questions (17 questions)
1. Normal expiration primarily relies on the elastic recoil of the lung and thoracic wall to reduce the size of the thoracic cavity. This elastic recoil is a passive process, meaning it does not require active muscular contraction, unlike inspiration.
2. Normal inspiration is an active process that involves the contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles. This contraction increases the volume of the thoracic cavity, decreasing the pressure inside the alveoli compared to atmospheric pressure, allowing air to flow into the lungs.
3. During inspiration, the pleural pressure becomes more negative, which helps to expand the lungs. Initially at approximately -5 mmHg before inspiration, it typically decreases to around -7 mmHg during inspiration. This negative pressure is crucial for lung expansion.
4. The expansion of the lungs when the chest wall expands is primarily caused by an increase in the negative pressure in the pleural cavity. This negative pressure helps to pull the lungs outward as the chest cavity expands, facilitating the inflow of air.
5. Transpulmonary pressure is the pressure difference between the alveolar pressure and the pleural pressure. It plays a key role in keeping the lungs expanded by creating a pressure that opposes the elastic recoil of the lungs.
6. Pleural pressure, typically around -5 mmHg at rest, becomes more negative during inspiration, reaching approximately -7 mmHg. This increase in negativity aids in lung expansion by enhancing the transpulmonary pressure.
7. During the initial part of inspiration, several changes occur: intrapulmonary pressure falls, thoracic cavity volume increases, and partial pressure of oxygen in dead space rises. However, intrathoracic pressure does not rise; it decreases to facilitate lung expansion.
8. When a person with a pulmonary compliance of 200 ml/cm HโO inhales 800 ml of air, the pleural pressure changes to approximately -8 cm HโO. This change accommodates the increased lung volume due to the compliance capacity.
9. Pneumothorax, often associated with smoking, increases the risk for spontaneous pneumothorax by allowing air into the pleural cavity, which can lead to lung collapse. The condition causes a shift of the mediastinum towards the affected side and disrupts normal respiratory mechanics.
10. During inspiration, alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure, facilitating airflow into the lungs. In contrast, during expiration, the negativity of intrapleural pressure decreases, allowing passive recoil of the lung and thoracic wall to expel air.
11. At the end of inspiration, pleural pressure typically becomes more negative, around -7 mmHg, compared to its resting state. This negative pressure helps maintain lung expansion and aids in efficient gas exchange.
12. If intrapleural pressure equals atmospheric pressure, as in the case of a pneumothorax, the lungs are unable to expand, leading to alveolar collapse. This condition is critical as it impairs respiratory function and can cause respiratory distress.
13. In severe obstructive lung disease, lung compliance is increased due to loss of elastic recoil, while airway resistance is also increased due to narrowed airways. This combination makes breathing difficult and requires greater effort to ventilate the lungs.
14. An increase in alveolar dead space results in decreased PaO2 and increased PaCO2 in arterial blood. This occurs because less efficient gas exchange leads to hypoxia and hypercapnia, reflecting impaired oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide removal.
15. The transpulmonary pressure is the difference between alveolar pressure and pleural pressure (Ptp = Palv - Ppl), which is the force that keeps the lungs expanded. During normal respiration, especially inspiration, pleural pressure becomes more negative, increasing the transpulmonary pressure. This pressure difference allows the lungs to expand, facilitating air entry into the alveoli for effective gas exchange.
16. In pneumothorax, air enters the pleural cavity, causing the pleural pressure to rise and equalize with atmospheric pressure. This change eliminates the negative pleural pressure, reducing transpulmonary pressure to zero, which causes the lung to collapse. The physiological consequences include lung collapse, mediastinal shift (in the case of tension pneumothorax), and compromised gas exchange, leading to hypoxia and potentially life-threatening situations.
17. CO2 transport in the blood involves several mechanisms: approximately 7-10% of CO2 is dissolved directly in plasma. Around 20-30% of CO2 binds to hemoglobin, forming carbaminohemoglobin, which allows CO2 to be carried by red blood cells. The majority, 60-70%, is converted into bicarbonate ions (HCO3โป) in red blood cells via the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. This enzyme catalyzes the reaction: CO2 + H2O โ H2CO3 โ Hโบ + HCO3โป, facilitating CO2 transport. The chloride shift, also known as the Hamburger phenomenon, occurs when bicarbonate ions move out of the red blood cells into the plasma in exchange for chloride ions (Clโป) to maintain electroneutrality. This process is crucial for maintaining the acid-base balance and efficient CO2 transport in the blood.
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**Physiology of Respiration: An In-Depth Study Guide** Understanding the mechanics and functions of the respiratory system is crucial for medical students, as this knowledge forms the basis for diagnosing and treating respiratory diseases. In this chapter, we will explore the concepts of breathing,...
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What is the role of pleural pressure in lung expansion?
Pleural pressure, typically negative, keeps the lungs expanded by maintaining co...
What causes the pleural pressure to become more negative dur...
During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and the thoracic cavity expands, whi...
What is the mechanism of inspiration?
Inspiration is the process of drawing air into the lungs, initiated by the contr...
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