PMS| Lecture 42
PMS| Lecture 42
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PMSLecture42
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Slide 1
ุงูุฏูุชูุฑุฉ ุงููู ุนุงู ูุฉ ุงูู slide ุงุณู ูุง ุณุงูู ุณูุฏ ุฃููุฑุ ููู ูู ูุณู ุงูู human anatomy and embryology ูู ุฌุงู ุนุฉ ุฃุณููุท. ุงูู anatomy ุฏู ุงูุชุดุฑูุญ ูุนูู ุจุชุฏุฑุณ ุฌุณู ุงูุฅูุณุงู ู ู ุฌููุ ูุงูู embryology ุฏู ุนูู ุงูุฃุฌูุฉ ูุนูู ุจุชุฏุฑุณ ุงุฒุงู ุงูุฌููู ุจูุชููู.
ุงูู slide ูููุง ููุฌูููุ ูุงุญุฏ ููู ุดู ุณ ูููุงู ุนุฑุจูุ ูุงูุชุงูู ู ุฏูุฑ ูููู "Faculty of Medicine - Assiut University" ูููุงู ุนุฑุจูุ ูููุงูุ ูููุณ ุดุนุงุฑ ุงูุดู ุณ. ุฏู ุจุณ ุนุดุงู ุชุนุฑู ุงูู slide ุฏู ู ููู.
ุชุนุงูู ููู ุจููุ ุงูุฃุณุจูุน ุงูุชุงูู ุฏู ู ูู ููู ูุฃู ููู ุญุงุฌุงุช ูุชูุฑ ุจุชุชููู ูู ุงูุฌููู. ุจุณ ุงูู slide ุฏู ู ูููุงุด ุชูุงุตูู ุชููููุ ูู ุจุณ ุจุชุฏููุง ููุฑุฉ ุนู ุงูููุช ุงููู ุจูุชููู ููู.
Slide 2
ุฃูู ุญุงุฌุฉุ ุงูู **bilaminar germ disc**ุ ูุฏู ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู ุทุจูุชูู ู ู ุงูุฎูุงูุง ุจูุชููููุง ูู ุงูุฃุณุจูุน ุงูุชุงูู ู ู ุงูุญู ู. ุงูุทุจูุฉ ุงููู ููู ุงุณู ูุง **epiblast**ุ ูุฏู ุงููู ููุทูุน ู ููุง ุงูุฌููู ููุณู. ูุงูุทุจูุฉ ุงููู ุชุญุช ุงุณู ูุง **hypoblast**ุ ูุฏู ุงููู ูุชุนู ู ุญุงุฌุงุช ุชุงููุฉ ุฒู ุงูู yolk sac.
ุชุนุงูู ุจูู ูููู ุงุฒุงู ุงูู bilaminar germ disc ุจูุชููู. ุจุนุฏ ู ุง ุงูู sperm ูุฎุตุจ ุงูู eggุ ุจุชุชููู ุญุงุฌุฉ ุงุณู ูุง **blastocyst**. ุงูู blastocyst ุฏู ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู ูุฑุฉ ู ู ุงูุฎูุงูุง ุฌูุงูุง ุชุฌููู. ุงูุฎูุงูุง ุงููู ุจุฑู ุฏู ุงุณู ูุง **trophoblast**ุ ูุฏู ุงููู ูุชุณุงุนุฏ ูู ุงูู **implantation**ุ ูุนูู ุฅูุบุฑุงุณ ุงูู blastocyst ูู ุฌุฏุงุฑ ุงูุฑุญู . ุฃู ุง ุงูุฎูุงูุง ุงููู ุฌูู ุงูู blastocyst ุฏู ุงุณู ูุง **inner cell mass**ุ ูุฏู ุงููู ูุชุทูุน ู ููุง ุงูู epiblast ูุงูู hypoblast.
ูู ุงูุฃุณุจูุน ุงูุชุงููุ ุงูู inner cell mass ุฏู ุจุชุจุฏุฃ ุชุชุฑุชุจ ูุชุชููู ุงูุทุจูุชูู ุฏููุ ุงูู epiblast ูุงูู hypoblastุ ูุจูุฏู ูุจูู ุงุชููู ุงูู bilaminar germ disc.
ุชุงูู ุญุงุฌุฉ ูู ุงูู slide ูู ุงูุชุบูุฑุงุช ุงููู ุจุชุญุตู ูู ุงูููู ุงูุชุงู ู ูุญุฏ ููุงูุฉ ุงูุฃุณุจูุน. ูู ุงูููุช ุฏูุ ุงูู blastocyst ุจูุจุฏุฃ ูุบุฑุฒ ุฃูุชุฑ ูู ุฌุฏุงุฑ ุงูุฑุญู ุ ูุงูู trophoblast ุจุชุจุฏุฃ ุชุชููู ู ููุง ุทุจูุชูู: **cytotrophoblast** ู **syncytiotrophoblast**. ุงูู syncytiotrophoblast ุฏู ุทุจูุฉ ู ูู ุฉ ููู ูุฃููุง ุจุชูุฑุฒ ูุฑู ูู ุงุณู ู **hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)**ุ ูุฏู ุงููุฑู ูู ุงููู ุจูููุณู ูู ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑ ุงูุญู ู ุนุดุงู ูุนุฑู ุฅุฐุง ูุงูุช ุงูุณุช ุญุงู ู ููุง ูุฃ.
ุชุงูุช ุญุงุฌุฉ ูู ุงูู **implantation**ุ ูุนูู ุฅูุบุฑุงุณ ุงูู blastocyst ูู ุฌุฏุงุฑ ุงูุฑุญู . ุงูู syncytiotrophoblast ูู ุงููู ุจุชุณุงุนุฏ ูู ุงูุนู ููุฉ ุฏู ูุฃููุง ุจุชูุฑุฒ ุฅูุฒูู ุงุช ุจุชุญูู ุงูุฃูุณุฌุฉ ุจุชุงุนุฉ ุฌุฏุงุฑ ุงูุฑุญู ุ ูู ุงูู blastocyst ููุฏุฑ ูุฏุฎู ุฌูุงูุง. ุงูู implantation ุฏู ุจูุญุตู ุนุงุฏุฉ ูู ุงูุฌุฒุก ุงูุนููู ู ู ุงูุฑุญู .
ุขุฎุฑ ุญุงุฌุฉ ูู ุงูู **abnormal implantation**ุ ูุนูู ูู ุง ุงูู implantation ูุญุตู ูู ู ูุงู ุบูุท. ุฃุดูุฑ ู ุซุงู ุนูู ูุฏู ูู **ectopic pregnancy**ุ ูุนูู ูู ุง ุงูุญู ู ูุญุตู ุจุฑู ุงูุฑุญู ุ ุฒู ูู ููุงุฉ ูุงููุจ ู ุซูุงู. ุฏู ุญุงูุฉ ุฎุทูุฑุฉ ุฌุฏุงู ููุงุฒู ุชุชุนุงูุฌ ุจุณุฑุนุฉ.
Slide 3
ุฃูู ุญุงุฌุฉุ ุงูู Implantation of the blastocystุ ูุนูู ุงูู blastocyst ุงููู ูู ุงูููุฑุฉ ุงูุตุบูุฑุฉ ุงููู ูููุง ุงูุฌูููุ ุจุชูู ู ุบุฑุฒ ูู ุฌุฏุงุฑ ุงูุฑุญู . ุฏู ุจูุญุตู ูู ุงูุฃุณุจูุน ุงูุชุงูู.
ุชุงูู ุญุงุฌุฉุ ุงูู embryoblastุ ุงููู ูู ุงูู ุฌู ูุนุฉ ุงูุฏุงุฎููุฉ ู ู ุงูุฎูุงูุง ุงููู ุฌูู ุงูู blastocystุ ุจูุญุตู ูููุง ุชุบูุฑุงุช ุดูููุฉุ ูุนูู ุดูููุง ุจูุชุบูุฑุ ูุจุชุชุญูู ูู bilaminar embryonic discุ ูุนูู ูุฑุต ุฌูููู ู ููู ู ู ุทุจูุชูู: ุงูู epiblast ูุงูู hypoblast. ุชุนุงู ุจูู ูููู ุฏูู ุฅูู. ุงูู epiblast ุฏู ุงูุทุจูุฉ ุงููู ูุชุนู ู ูู ุฃูุณุฌุฉ ูุฃุนุถุงุก ุงูุฌููู ุจุนุฏ ูุฏูุ ูุนูู ูู ุงููู ูุชุจูู ูู ุญุงุฌุฉ ููู ูููุง. ูุงูู hypoblast ุฏู ุทุจูุฉ ุชุงููุฉ ุจุชุณุงุนุฏ ูู ุชูููู ุงูู extraembryonic structures.
ุงูู embryonic disc ุฏู ุจููุ ูู ุงููู ููุฏููุง ุงูู germ layersุ ุงููู ูู ุงูุทุจูุงุช ุงููู ูุชููู ูู ุงูุฃูุณุฌุฉ ูุงูุฃุนุถุงุก ุจุชุงุนุฉ ุงูุฌููู. ูุนูู ุงูู embryonic disc ุฏู ูู ุงูุฃุณุงุณ ุงููู ููุชุจูู ุนููู ูู ุญุงุฌุฉ ูู ุงูุฌููู.
ูุจุนุฏูู ุจููููู ุฅู ูู ุญุงุฌุงุช ุชุงููุฉ ุจุชุชููู ูู ุงูุฃุณุจูุน ุงูุชุงููุ ุงุณู ูุง ุงูู extraembryonic structures. ุฏู ุญุงุฌุงุช ุฒู ุงูู amniotic cavity (ุชุฌููู ุงูุณุงุฆู ุงูุฃู ูููุณู ุงููู ุงูุฌููู ุจูุนูู ููู)ุ ูุงูู amnion (ุงูุบุดุงุก ุงูุฃู ูููุณู ุงููู ุจูุญูุท ุจุงูุฌููู)ุ ูุงูู umbilical vesicle (ุงููู ูู ุงูู yolk sac ุฃู ููุณ ุงูู ุญ)ุ ูุงูู connecting stalk (ุงููู ูู ุงูุญุจู ุงูุณุฑู ุงููู ุจููุตู ุงูุฌููู ุจุงูุฃู )ุ ูุงูู chorionic sac (ุงููู ูู ุงูููุณ ุงูู ุดูู ู ุงููู ุจูุญูุท ุจูู ุงูุญุงุฌุงุช ุฏู).
ุงูู figure ุงููู ูู ุงูู slide ุจููุฑูู ุดูู ุงูู blastocyst ุนุงู ู ุฅุฒุงู. ููู ุงูู internal cell mass ุงููู ูู ุงูู embryoblastุ ูุงูู trophoblast ุงููู ูู ุงูุทุจูุฉ ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌูุฉ ุงููู ูุชููู ุงูู ุดูู ุฉุ ูุงูู blastocoele ุงููู ูู ุงูุชุฌููู ุงููู ู ููุงู ุณุงุฆูุ ูุงูู zona pellucida ุงููู ูู ุงูุบูุงู ุงููู ุจูุญู ู ุงูู blastocyst.
Slide 4
ุชุนุงู ููู ุจููุ ุงูู blastocyst ุฏู ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู ุดูู ูุฑููุ ุฒู ุงูููุฑุฉ ุงูุตุบูุฑุฉ ูุฏู. ูููุง ุทุจูุฉ ุฎุงุฑุฌูุฉ ูุงุถุญุฉุ ูุฌูุงูุง ู ุฌู ูุนุฉ ุฎูุงูุง ู ุชุฌู ุนุฉ. ุงูุทุจูุฉ ุงููู ุจุฑู ุฏู ุงุณู ูุง trophoblastุ ูุฏู ุงููู ุจุนุฏ ูุฏู ูุชููู ุงูู placentaุ ุงููู ูู ุงูู ุดูู ุฉุ ุงููู ุจุชุบุฐู ุงูุฌููู ูู ุฑุญู ุงูุฃู .
ุงูุฎูุงูุง ุงูู ุชุฌู ุนุฉ ุงููู ุฌูู ุฏู ุงุณู ูุง inner cell massุ ูุฏู ุงููู ูุชููู ุงูุฌููู ููุณู. ุงูุตูุฑุฉ ุฏู microscopic viewุ ูุนูู ุตูุฑุฉ ู ูุจุฑุฉ ุฌุฏุงู ุจุชูุถุญ ุงูุชุฑููุจ ุงูุฎููู ูุงูุชูุธูู ุจุชุงุน ุงูู blastocyst ูู ุงูู ุฑุญูุฉ ุฏู ู ู ุงูุชุทูุฑ. ูุนูู ุจุชูุฑูู ุงูุฎูุงูุง ู ุชุฑุชุจุฉ ุงุฒุงู ู ุดูููุง ุงูู.
ููููู ุนูู ุญุงุฌุฉ ูุฏูุ ุงูู blastocyst ุฏู ู ุฑุญูุฉ ู ูู ุฉ ููู ูู ุงูู development ุจุชุงุน ุงูุฌูููุ ูุฃููุง ุจุชุญุฏุฏ ู ุตูุฑ ุงูุฎูุงูุงุ ูุนูู ู ูู ููููู ุงูู ุดูู ุฉ ูู ูู ููููู ุงูุฌููู.
Slide 5
ุฃูู ุญุงุฌุฉุ ุงูู blastocyst ุจูุจุฏุฃ ูุบุฑุฒ ููุณู ุฌูุฉ ุงูู endometrial stromaุ ุงููู ูู ุงูุฃูุณุฌุฉ ุงูู ุจุทูุฉ ููุฑุญู . ุชุฎูููุง ุฒู ุจุฐุฑุฉ ุจุชุฒุฑุน ูู ุงูุฃุฑุถ.
ุชุงูู ุญุงุฌุฉุ ูุฏู ููุทุฉ ู ูู ุฉ ูููุ ูู ุงูู ูุทูุฉ ุงููู ููู ุงูู embryoblast (ุงููู ูู ุงูุฌุฒุก ุงููู ููุชููู ู ูู ุงูุฌููู ููุณู)ุ ุงูู trophoblast ุจูููุณู ูุทุจูุชูู:
(A) ุทุจูุฉ ุฏุงุฎููุฉ ุงุณู ูุง ุงูู cytotrophoblastุ ูุฏู ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู ุฎูุงูุง ูููุง ููุงุฉ ูุงุญุฏุฉ.
(B) ุทุจูุฉ ุฎุงุฑุฌูุฉ ุงุณู ูุง ุงูู syncytiotrophoblastุ ูุฏู ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู ู ูุทูุฉ ูููุง ุฃูููุฉ ูุชูุฑ ุจุณ ู ููุด ุญุฏูุฏ ูุงุถุญุฉ ุจูู ุงูุฎูุงูุงุ ูุนูู ุนุงู ูุฉ ุฒู ู ุง ุชููู ุฎููุฉ ูุงุญุฏุฉ ูุจูุฑุฉ ูููุง ุฃูููุฉ ูุชูุฑ. ุงูู syncytiotrophoblast ุฏู ุจูู ูู ุงููู ุจุชุจุฏุฃ ุชุงูู ูู ุงูู endometrium ุนุดุงู ุงูู blastocyst ูุนุฑู ูุบุฑุฒ ูููุณ ููุงุฎุฏ ุงูุบุฐุง ุจุชุงุนู.
Slide 6
ุชุนุงู ูููู ุจูู ุงูุฑุณู ุฉ ุงููู ุนูู ุงูุดู ุงู ุฏูุ ุงููู ูููุง ูู ุงูุชูุงุตูู:
* **Endometrial stroma**: ุฏู ุงูุฃุฑุถ ุงููู ุงูู blastocyst ูููุฒู ูููุงุ ุฒู ุงูุฃุฑุถ ุงูุฒุฑุงุนูุฉ ุงููู ุจูุฒุฑุน ูููุง ุงูุฒุฑุน.
* **Blood vessel**: ุฏู ุงูุฃูุนูุฉ ุงูุฏู ููุฉ ุงููู ุจุชุบุฐู ุงูุฑุญู ุ ุฒู ู ุงุณูุฑุฉ ุงูู ูุฉ ุงููู ุจุชูุตู ุงูู ูุฉ ููุฒุฑุน ุนุดุงู ููุจุฑ.
* **Syncytiotrophoblast**: ุฏู ุจูู ุงูุทุจูุฉ ุงููู ุจุชุฎุชุฑู ุงูู endometrium ุนุดุงู ุงูู embryo ูุนุฑู ููุฒู ูููุณ. ุฒู ุงูุฌุฐุฑ ุจุชุงุน ุงูุฒุฑุนุฉ ุงููู ุจูุฏุฎู ูู ุงูุฃุฑุถ.
* **Cytotrophoblast**: ุฏู ุทุจูุฉ ุฎูุงูุง ุชุงููุฉ ุจุชุญูุท ุจุงูู blastocystุ ุฒู ุงูุณูุฑ ุงููู ุจูุญู ู ุงูุฒุฑุนุฉ.
* **Blastocyst cavity**: ุฏู ุงูู ุณุงุญุฉ ุงููู ุฌูุง ุงูู blastocystุ ุฒู ุงูุฃูุถุฉ ุงููู ูููุง ุงูู embryo ุงูุตุบูุฑ.
* **Hypoblast**: ุฏู ุทุจูุฉ ุฎูุงูุง ุฌูู ุงูู blastocystุ ูุฏู ุงููู ูุชุชุทูุฑ ุจุนุฏ ูุฏู ูุฃุฌุฒุงุก ู ู ุงูู embryo.
* **Amniotic cavity**: ุฏู ููุณ ุงูู ูุฉ ุงููู ููุญู ู ุงูู embryoุ ุฒู ุงูููุณ ุงููู ุจูุญู ู ุงูุฌููู.
* **Epiblast**: ุฏู ุทุจูุฉ ุฎูุงูุง ุชุงููุฉ ุฌูู ุงูู blastocystุ ูุฏู ุงููู ูุชุชุทูุฑ ูุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุชุงููุฉ ู ู ุงูู embryo.
* **Amnioblasts**: ุฏู ุงูุฎูุงูุง ุงููู ุจุชุจุทู ุงูู amniotic cavityุ ุฒู ุงูุญูุทุงู ุงููู ุจุชุญู ู ุงูุฃูุถุฉ.
* **Surface epithelium**: ุฏู ุงูุทุจูุฉ ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌูุฉ ู ู ุงูู endometriumุ ุฒู ุงูุฌูุฏ ุงููู ุจูุบุทู ุงูุฃุฑุถ.
* **Uterine gland**: ุฏู ุบุฏุฏ ู ูุฌูุฏุฉ ูู ุงูุฑุญู ุจุชูุฑุฒ ู ูุงุฏ ู ุบุฐูุฉุ ุฒู ุงูุณู ุงุฏ ุงููู ุจูุบุฐู ุงูุฒุฑุน.
ููุฌู ุจูู ููุฑุณู ุฉ ุงููู ุนูู ุงููู ููุ ุฏู ุจุชูุฑูู ุดูู ุงูู embryo ูู ุงูู ุฑุญูุฉ ุฏู:
* **syncytiotrophoblast ู cytotrophoblast**: ุฏูู ุงูุทุจูุชูู ุงููู ูููุง ุนูููู ุจูุญูุทูุง ุจุงูู embryo.
* **amnioblast ู epiblast ู hypoblast**: ุฏูู ุงูุฎูุงูุง ุงููู ุฌูู ุงูู embryo ุงููู ููุชุทูุฑูุง ุจุนุฏ ูุฏู.
* **Uterine wall**: ุฏู ุฌุฏุงุฑ ุงูุฑุญู ุงููู ุงูู embryo ูุงุฒู ููู.
ููููู ุนูู ุญุงุฌุฉ ูุฏูุ ุงูู syncytiotrophoblast ุฏู ู ูู ููู ุนุดุงู ุจููุฑุฒ ูุฑู ูู ุงุณู ู hCGุ ูุฏู ุงููุฑู ูู ุงููู ุจูุธูุฑ ูู ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑ ุงูุญู ู.
Slide 7
ุชุนุงูู ูููู ุจููุ ููู ุทุจูุชูู ู ูู ูู ููู ุจูุชููููุง ุญูุงููู ุงูุฌููู ูู ุงูู ุฑุญูุฉ ุฏู: ุงูู cytotrophoblast ู ุงูู syncytiotrophoblast. ุงูู cytotrophoblast ุฏู ุทุจูุฉ ุฎูุงูุง ูููุง ุญุฏูุฏ ูุงุถุญุฉุ ุฒู ุงูุทูุจ ุงูู ุฑุตูุต ุฌูุจ ุจุนุถู. ุฃู ุง ุงูู syncytiotrophoblast ุฏู ุจููุ ุญุงุฌุฉ ู ุฎุชููุฉ ุฎุงูุตุ ุฏู ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู ูุชูุฉ ูุจูุฑุฉ ู ู ุงูุฎูุงูุง ุงููู ุงูุฏู ุฌุช ู ุน ุจุนุถุ ูู ููุด ุจูููุง ุญุฏูุฏ ูุงุถุญุฉุ ูุฃููุง ุนุฌููุฉ ูุฑุฏุช ุนูู ุงูุทูุจ ุงููู ุชุญุชูุง.
ุฏู ููุทุฉ ู ูู ุฉ ููู: ุงูู cytotrophoblast ูู ุงููู ุจุชููุณู ูุจุชุชุฌุฏุฏุ ูุนูู ุงูุฎูุงูุง ูููุง ุจุชุนู ู mitosis (ุงููุณุงู ุฎููู) ุนุงุฏู ุฌุฏุงู. ุฃู ุง ุงูู syncytiotrophoblastุ ูุงูุฎูุงูุง ุงููู ูููุง ู ุจุชูุฏุฑุด ุชููุณู . ุทูุจ ุฅูู ุงููู ุจูุญุตูุ ุงูุฎูุงูุง ุงููู ุงุชูููุช ุฌุฏูุฏ ูู ุงูู cytotrophoblast ุจุชูุงุฌุฑ ูุชุฏุฎู ุฌูู ุงูู syncytiotrophoblastุ ูููุงู ุจุชูุฏู ุฌ ู ุนุงูุง ูุชููุฏ ุงูุบุดุงุก ุงููู ูุงู ุจูุญูุท ุจููุง. ูุนูู ุงูุทูุจ ุงูุฌุฏูุฏ ุจูุฑูุญ ููุฒู ูู ุงูุนุฌููุฉ ููุจูู ุฌุฒุก ู ููุง.
ููููู ุนูู ุญุงุฌุฉ ูุฏูุ ุงูู syncytiotrophoblast ุฏู ูููุง ูุธููุฉ ู ูู ุฉ ุฌุฏุงูุ ูู ุงููู ุจุชูุฑุฒ ูุฑู ููุงุช ุงูุญู ู ุฒู ุงูู hCG ุงููู ุจูููุณู ูู ุชุญููู ุงูุญู ู ุนุดุงู ูุนุฑู ุฅุฐุง ูุงูุช ุงูุณุช ุญุงู ู ููุง ูุฃ. ููู ุงู ูู ุงููู ุจุชุนู ู ุงูู implantationุ ูุนูู ุจุชุณุงุนุฏ ุงูุฌููู ุฅูู ููุฒู ูููุณ ูู ุฌุฏุงุฑ ุงูุฑุญู ูููุตู ูู ุงูุฃูู ูุงูุฃูุณุฌูู ู ู ุฏู ุงูุฃู .
ูุจูู ุงูุฎูุงุตุฉุ ุงูู cytotrophoblast ุฒู ุงูู ุตูุน ุงููู ุจููุชุฌ ุฎูุงูุง ุฌุฏูุฏุฉุ ูุงูู syncytiotrophoblast ุฒู ุงูู ุฎุฒู ุงููุจูุฑ ุงููู ุจูุณุชูุจู ุงูุฎูุงูุง ุฏู ููุณุชุฎุฏู ูุง ุนุดุงู ููุจุฑ ุงูุฌููู ููุญู ูู.
Slide 8
ุดูู ูุง ุนู ุ ุงูุฎูุงูุง ุจุชุงุนุฉ ุงูู inner cell mass (ุงููู ุงุณู ูุง embryoblast) ุจุชุจุฏุฃ ุชุชู ูุฒ ูุชุชุฎุตุต ูุทุจูุชูู:
(1) ุงูู *Hypoblast layer*: ุฏู ุทุจูุฉ ู ู ุงูุฎูุงูุง ุงูู ูุนุจุฉ (Cuboidal cells) ุจุชููู ู ูุงุตูุฉ ููู blastocyst cavity. ุงูู blastocyst cavity ุฏู ุชุฌููู ูุฏู ุฌูู ุงูู blastocystุ ุงููู ูู ุฒู ุงูููุณ ุงููู ููู ุงูุฌููู ูู ุงูู ุฑุงุญู ุงูุฃููู.
(2) ุงูู *Epiblast layer*: ุฏู ุจูู ุทุจูุฉ ู ู ุงูุฎูุงูุง ุงูุทูููุฉ ุงูุนู ูุฏูุฉ (Columnar cells) ุจุชููู ู ูุงุตูุฉ ููู amniotic cavity. ุงูู amniotic cavity ุฏู ุงูุชุฌููู ุงููู ููุชููู ููู ุงูุณุงุฆู ุงูุฃู ูููุณู ุงููู ุจูุญู ู ุงูุฌููู ุจุนุฏ ูุฏู.
ูุนูู ุจุงูุจูุฏู ูุฏูุ ุนูุฏู ูุชูุฉ ุฎูุงูุง ุจุชุจุฏุฃ ุชุชุฑุชุจ ูุชุฏูู ุทุจูุชููุ ูุงุญุฏุฉ ู ูุนุจุฉ ูุงุญูุฉ ุชุฌูููุ ูุงูุชุงููุฉ ุนู ูุฏูุฉ ูุงุญูุฉ ุชุฌููู ุชุงูู.
ุงูุฑุณู ุฉ ุจุชูุฑูู ุงูููุงู ุฏู ุจูุถูุญ: ุนูุฏู ุงูู Endometrial stroma (ุงููุณูุฌ ุงููู ุจูุจุทู ุงูุฑุญู ู ู ุฌูู)ุ ู ุงูู Blood vessel (ุงูุฃูุนูุฉ ุงูุฏู ููุฉ ุงููู ุจุชุบุฐู ุงูุฑุญู )ุ ู ุงูู Syncytiotrophoblast ู Cytotrophoblast (ุฏูู ุทุจูุชูู ู ู ุงูุฎูุงูุง ุงููู ุจูููููุง ุงูู placenta ุงููู ูู ุงูู ุดูู ุฉ ุจุนุฏ ูุฏู). ู ุนูุฏู ูู ุงู ุงูู Blastocyst cavity ุงููู ููููุง ุนูููุงุ ู ุงูู Hypoblast ู ุงูู Epiblast ุงููู ูุณู ุดุงุฑุญูููู ุ ูุงูู Amniotic cavity ุงููู ููุชููู ูููุง ุงูุณุงุฆู ุงููู ุจูุญู ู ุงูุฌูููุ ูุงูู Amnioblasts (ุงูุฎูุงูุง ุงููู ุจุชููู ุงูู amniotic cavity)ุ ู ุงูู Surface epithelium (ุงูุณุทุญ ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌู ููุฑุญู )ุ ู ุงูู Uterine gland (ุงูุบุฏุฏ ุงููู ู ูุฌูุฏุฉ ูู ุงูุฑุญู ).
ุงูุฑุณู ุฉ ุจุชูุถุญูู ุฃู ุงูููู ุจุงูุธุจุทุ ุงูู Hypoblast ุจุชููู ูุงุฒูุฉ ูู ุงูู Blastocyst cavityุ ูุงูู Epiblast ุจุชููู ูุงุฒูุฉ ูู ุงูู Amniotic cavity. ูุงูู Syncytiotrophoblast ู Cytotrophoblast ุจูููููุง ุญูุงูููู ู ู ุจุฑู.
Slide 9
ุฃูู ุญุงุฌุฉ ุจุชุญุตูุ ุงูู trophoblast ุจูุธูุฑ ููู ุฒู ูุฑุงุบุงุช ุตุบูุฑุฉ ูุฏูุ ุงุณู ูุง vacuolesุ ูุฏู ุจุชููู ู ูุฌูุฏุฉ ูุงุญูุฉ ุงูู embryonic poleุ ูุนูู ุงููุงุญูุฉ ุงููู ูููุง ุงูุฌููู. ุงููุฑุงุบุงุช ุฏู ุจุชููู ู ูุฌูุฏุฉ ูู ู ูุทูุฉ ุงุณู ูุง ุงูู syncitiumุ ูุฏู ุงูุฌุฒุก ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌู ู ู ุงูู trophoblast.
ุชุนุงู ููู ุจููุ ุงููุฑุงุบุงุช ุงูุตุบูุฑุฉ ุฏูุ ุงูู vacuolesุ ุจุชุจุฏุฃ ุชุชุญุฏ ู ุน ุจุนุถ ูุชูุจุฑุ ูุชุนู ู ูุฑุงุบุงุช ูุจูุฑุฉุ ุงุณู ูุง lacunae. ูุฏู ููุทุฉ ู ูู ุฉ ูููุ ุงูู ุฑุญูุฉ ุฏู ู ู ุชุทูุฑ ุงูู trophoblast ุจูุณู ููุง ุงูู lacunar stageุ ูุนูู ู ุฑุญูุฉ ุงููุฑุงุบุงุช.
ููููู ุนูู ุญุงุฌุฉ ูุฏูุ ุชุฎูู ุงูู trophoblast ุฏู ุฒู ุฅุณููุฌุฉุ ูุงูู vacuoles ุฏู ุฒู ูุชุญุงุช ุตุบูุฑุฉ ูู ุงูุฅุณููุฌุฉุ ูุงูู lacunae ุฏู ุฒู ูู ุง ุงููุชุญุงุช ุงูุตุบูุฑุฉ ุฏู ุชุชุฌู ุน ูุชุนู ู ูุชุญุงุช ูุจูุฑุฉ.
Slide 10
ุฃูู ุญุงุฌุฉุ ุนูุฏ ุงูู abembryonic pole (ุฏู ุงูุฌุฒุก ุงููู ุนูุณ ุงูุฌููู ูู ุงูู blastocyst)ุ ุฎูุงูุง ู ุจุทุทุฉ ุฌุงูุฉ ู ู ุงูู hypoblast (ุฏู ุทุจูุฉ ู ู ุงูุฎูุงูุง) ุจุชููู ุบุดุงุก ุฑููู ุงุณู ู ุงูู exocoelomic (Heuserโs) membrane. ุงูุบุดุงุก ุฏู ุจูุจุทู ุงูุณุทุญ ุงูุฏุงุฎูู ููู cytotrophoblast (ุฏู ุทุจูุฉ ุฎูุงูุง ุชุงููุฉ ุจุฑู ุฎุงูุต).
ูุนููุ ุงูุบุดุงุก ุฏู ุงููู ูู ุงูู exocoelomic membraneุ ู ุน ุงูู hypoblastุ ุจูุจุทููุง ุงูู exocoelomic cavityุ ุฃู ุงูู primitive yolk sac. ุงูู yolk sac ุฏู ููุณ ุจุฏุงุฆู ูุฏูุ ูููู ูุธุงูู ู ูู ุฉ ูู ุงูู ุฑุงุญู ุงูุฃููู ู ู ุชููู ุงูุฌููู.
Slide 11
ุฃูู ุญุงุฌุฉ ุงูู Trophoblastic lacunae. ุงูู Trophoblast ุฏู ุงูุฌุฒุก ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌู ู ู ุงูู embryo ุงููู ุจุนุฏ ูุฏู ุจูููู ุงูู placentaุ ุงููู ูู ุงูู ุดูู ุฉ ุงููู ุจุชุบุฐู ุงูุจูุจู. ุงูู lacunae ุฏู ุฒู ูุฑุงุบุงุช ุฃู ุฌููุจ ุตุบูุฑุฉ ุจุชุชููู ุฌูู ุงูู Trophoblast ุฏู. ุงูู lacunae ุฏู ุจุชุจุฏุฃ ุชุชู ูู ุจุฏู ู ู ุงูุฃู ุ ูุฏู ุจุฏุงูุฉ ุชูููู ุงูู uteroplacental circulationุ ูุนูู ุงูุฏูุฑุฉ ุงูุฏู ููุฉ ุงููู ุจูู ุงูุฃู ูุงูุฌููู. ุชุฎูููุง ุฒู ู ุง ูููู ููู ุญูุฑ ุตุบูุฑุฉ ูู ุณูุฑุ ูุงูุญูุฑ ุฏู ุจุชุชุนุจู ู ูุฉ ุนุดุงู ุชุบุฐู ุงูุณูุฑ ุฏู.
ุชุงูู ุญุงุฌุฉ ุงูู Exocelomic membrane. ุงูู Exocelomic cavity ุฏู ุชุฌููู ุจูุชููู ุญูุงููู ุงูู embryo ูู ุงูู ุฑุงุญู ุงูุฃููู. ุงูู Exocelomic membrane ุฏู ุงูุบุดุงุก ุงููู ุจูุจุทู ุงูุชุฌููู ุฏู. ุงูุบุดุงุก ุฏู ู ูู ูุฃูู ุจูุณุงุนุฏ ูู ุชูููู ุงูู yolk sacุ ุงููู ูู ููุณ ุงูู ุญุ ูุฏู ุจููุนุจ ุฏูุฑ ู ูู ูู ุชุบุฐูุฉ ุงูู embryo ูู ุงูู ุฑุงุญู ุงูุฃููู ูุจู ู ุง ุงูู ุดูู ุฉ ุชุดุชุบู ุจููุงุกุฉ. ููุฑ ูููุง ุฒู ููุณ ุตุบูุฑ ุจูุญู ู ุงูุจูุถุฉ ู ู ุฌูู.
ูุนูู ุงูู Trophoblastic lacunae ุฏู ุจุฏุงูุฉ ุชุบุฐูุฉ ุงูุฌููู ู ู ุฏู ุงูุฃู ุ ูุงูู Exocelomic membrane ุจุชุณุงุนุฏ ูู ุชูููู ููุณ ุงูู ุญ ุงููู ุจูุบุฐู ุงูุฌููู ูู ุงูุฃูู ุฎุงูุต. ุงูุงุชููู ุฏูู ู ูู ูู ุฌุฏูุง ูู ุงูู ุฑุงุญู ุงูู ุจูุฑุฉ ู ู ูู ู ุงูุฌููู.
Slide 12
ุงูู blastocyst ุงููู ูู ุงูููุฑุฉ ุงูุตุบูุฑุฉ ุงููู ูููุง ุงูุฌูููุ ุจุชููู ุฎูุงุต completely embedded ูุนูู ุงุชู ุณูุช ุฌูุฉ ุงูู endometrial stromaุ ุงูู endometrial stroma ุฏู ุงููู ูู ุงููุณูุฌ ุงูุฏุงุฎูู ุจุชุงุน ุงูุฑุญู .
ู ุงูู surface epithelium ุงููู ูู ุงูุบุดุงุก ุงููู ุจูุบุทู ุงูุฑุญู ู ู ุฌูุฉุ ุจูููู almost entirely cover ูุนูู ุชูุฑูุจุง ุจูุบุทู ุงูู original defect ุงููู ูู ุงูุฎุฑู ุงูุตุบูุฑ ุงููู ุงูู blastocyst ุนู ูุชู ุนุดุงู ุชุฏุฎู ุฌูุฉ ุงูู uterus.
ููููู ุนูู ุญุงุฌุฉ ูุฏูุ ุงูู blastocyst ุจุชุนู ู ุฒู ุจุฑูุฒ ุตุบูุฑ ูุฏู intothe lumen of the uterusุ ูุนูู ุจุชุฒู ุญุชุฉ ุตุบูุฑุฉ ู ู ุงูุฑุญู ูุฌูุฉ. ุชุฎูู ุฅูู ุจุชูุฒู ุญุงุฌุฉ ุนูู ุงูุญูุทุฉ ู ุจุชุนู ู ูุชูุก ุตุบูุฑ.
Slide 13
ุดูู ูุง ุนู ุ ูู ุงูุฃูู ุงูู trophoblast ุฏู ุจูุจุฏุฃ ูุนู ู ุฒู ูุฑุงุบุงุช ุตุบูุฑุฉ ูุฏู ุงุณู ูุง ุงูู trophoblastic lacunae. ุงููุฑุงุบุงุช ุฏู ุจุชุชุตู ุจุจุนุถูุง ูุชููู ุดุจูุฉุ ูุฏู ุจูุจุงู ุฃูู ุนูุฏ ุงูู embryonic poleุ ูุนูู ุงูุฌุฒุก ุงููู ููู ุงูู embryo ุฃู ุงูุฌููู. ุฃู ุง ุงููุงุญูุฉ ุงูุชุงููุฉ ุงููู ูู ุงูู abembryonic poleุ ุงูู trophoblast ุจูููู ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู ุฎูุงูุง ุงุณู ูุง ุงูู cytotrophoblast ุจุณ.
ุชุนุงู ููู ุจููุ ุจุนุฏ ูุฏู ุงูู syncytiotrophoblastุ ุงููู ูู ููุน ุชุงูู ู ู ุงูุฎูุงูุงุ ุจูุจุฏุฃ ูุฎุชุฑู ุงูู stromaุ ุงููู ูู ุงูุฃูุณุฌุฉ ุงูู ุญูุทุฉุ ู ูุนู ู ุชุขูู ูู ุงูุฌุฏุงุฑ ุงูุฏุงุฎูู ุจุชุงุน ุงูู maternal capillariesุ ูุนูู ุงูุดุนูุฑุงุช ุงูุฏู ููุฉ ุจุชุงุนุฉ ุงูุฃู . ุงูู capillaries ุฏู ุจุชููู ู ููุงูุฉ ุฏู ู ู ุชูุณุนุฉุ ู ุจูุณู ููุง ุงูู sinusoids.
ููููู ุนูู ุญุงุฌุฉ ูุฏูุ ุงูู syncytial lacunae (ุงููุฑุงุบุงุช ุงููู ููููุง ุนูููุง ูู ุงูุฃูู) ุจุชุชุตู ุจุงูู sinusoids ุฏูุ ู ุจุงูุชุงูู ุฏู ุงูุฃู ุจูุฏุฎู ุฌูู ุงูู lacunar system. ูุฏู ุงุญูุง ุนู ููุง ุงูู uteroplacental circulationุ ูุนูู ุงูุฏูุฑุฉ ุงูุฏู ููุฉ ุงููู ุจูู ุงูุฃู ู ุงูุฌููู ุนู ุทุฑูู ุงูู ุดูู ุฉ.
Slide 14
ุชุนุงูู ูููู ุจูู ุฅูู ุงูู Extraembryonic mesoderm ุฏู. ููู ู ุฌู ูุนุฉ ุฎูุงูุง ุฌุฏูุฏุฉ ุจุชุธูุฑ ุจูู ุญุงุฌุชูู: ุงูู inner surface ุจุชุงุน ุงูู cytotrophoblast (ุฏู ุฌุฒุก ู ู ุงูุบูุงู ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌู ููุฌููู) ูุงูู outer surface ุจุชุงุน ุงูู exocoelomic cavity (ุฏู ุชุฌููู ูุฏู ู ูุฌูุฏ ุญูุงููู ุงูุฌููู ูู ุงูุฃูู). ุงูุฎูุงูุง ุฏู ุจุชูุฌู ู ู ุงูู yolk sac cells (ููุณ ุงูู ุญ)ุ ูุจุชุนู ู ุฒู ูุณูุฌ ุถุงู ู ููู ุจูุณู ูู ุงูู extraembryonic mesoderm.
ุงูู extraembryonic mesoderm ุฏู ุจูู ูุฃ ุงููุฑุงุบ ููู ุจูู ุงูู trophoblast ู ู ุจุฑู (ุงููู ูู ุงูุบูุงู ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌู) ูุงูู amnion ูุงูู exocoelomic membrane ู ู ุฌูู. ูุนูู ูู ุฒู ุงูุญุดู ุงููู ุจูู ุงูุบูุงู ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌู ูุงูุฃุบุดูุฉ ุงูุฏุงุฎููุฉ ููุฌููู ูู ุงูู ุฑุญูุฉ ุฏู. ุฏู ููุทุฉ ู ูู ุฉ ููู ุนุดุงู ุงูู mesoderm ุฏู ููุจุชุฏู ูููู ุญุงุฌุงุช ุชุงููุฉ ุจุนุฏ ูุฏู.
Slide 15
ุจุนุฏ ูุฏู ุงูู slide ุจูุชููู ุนู ุงูู differentiation ุฃู ุงูุชู ุงูุฒ ุจุชุงุน ุงูู extraembryonic mesoderm. ุงูู extraembryonic mesoderm ุงููู ุจูุจุทู ุงูู cytotrophoblast ูุงูู amnion ุงุณู ู ุงูู extraembryonic somatic mesoderm. ุฃู ุง ุงูู extraembryonic mesoderm ุงููู ุจูุบุทู ุงูู yolk sac ูุงุณู ู ุงูู extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm.
ุฏู ููุทุฉ ู ูู ุฉ ูููุ ูุงุฒู ุชุนุฑู ุงููุฑู ุจูู ุงูู somatic ูุงูู splanchnic. ุงูู somatic ุฏู ุงููู ููู ุนูุงูุฉ ุจุงูุฌุฏุงุฑ ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌูุ ูุงูู splanchnic ุฏู ุงููู ููู ุนูุงูุฉ ุจุงูุฃุญุดุงุก ุงูุฏุงุฎููุฉ.
Slide 16
ุดูู ูุง ุนู ุ ุงูู cells ุจุชุงุนุฉ ุงูู endometrium ุจุชุชุญูู ูุดูู ุงูู polyhedralุ ูุนูู ู ุชุนุฏุฏุฉ ุงูุฃูุฌูุ ูุจุชุชู ูู ุจู glycogen ู lipids. ุงูู glycogen ุฏู ููุน ู ู ุฃููุงุน ุงููุฑุจูููุฏุฑุงุช ุงููู ุจูุฏู ุทุงูุฉุ ูุงูู lipids ุฏู ุงูุฏููู. ูุนูู ุงูู cells ุจุชุชุบุฐู ูููุณ ููู ุนุดุงู ุชุณุชุนุฏ ููุญู ู.
ููู ุงู ุงูู tissue ุจูุจูู edematousุ ูุนูู ููู ู ูุฉ ุฒูุงุฏุฉุ ุฃู ุฒู ู ุง ุจูููู ูุฏู "ูุฑู ุงูุฉ". ุฏู ุจูุฎูู ุงูู endometrium ุทุฑูุฉ ูุณู ููุฉ ุนุดุงู ุชุณุชูุจู ุงูู embryo.
ุงูุชุบูุฑุงุช ุฏู ูููุง ุนูู ุจุนุถูุง ุงุณู ูุง ุงูู decidual reaction. ุงูู decidual reaction ุฏู ู ูู ุฉ ููู ุนุดุงู ุงูู embryo ููุฏุฑ ูุฒุฑุน ููุณู ูู ุงูู endometrium ููุชุบุฐู ูููุณ ูู ุจุฏุงูุฉ ุงูุญู ู. ูุนูู ุงูู endometrium ุจูุฌูุฒ ููุณู ุนุดุงู ูุณุชูุจู ุงูุจูุจู ุงูุฌุฏูุฏ.
Slide 17
ุชุนุงูู ูููู ุจููุ ูู ุงูููู ุงูู 13 ุฏูุ ุงูู surface defect ุงููู ุญุตู ูู ุงูู endometrium (ุจุทุงูุฉ ุงูุฑุญู ) ูุชูุฌุฉ ุงูู implantation ุจูููู ุบุงูุจุงู ุงูุชุฆู ูุฎูุงุต. ูุนูู ุงูุฌุฑุญ ุงูุตุบูุฑ ุงููู ุญุตู ูู ุง ุงูุฌููู ุฏุฎู ุฌูู ุงูู endometrium ุงุจุชุฏู ูููู.
ููููู ุนูู ุญุงุฌุฉ ูุฏูุ ุจูุญุตู bleeding (ูุฒูู) ูู ู ูุงู ุงูู implantation ุฏูุ ูุฏู ูุชูุฌุฉ ุฅู ุงูู blood flow (ุชุฏูู ุงูุฏู ) ุจูุฒูุฏ ููู ูู ุงูู lacunar spaces (ูุฑุงุบุงุช ุตุบูุฑุฉ) ุงููู ุญูุงููู ุงูุฌููู.
ุฏู ููุทุฉ ู ูู ุฉ ูููุ ุงูู bleeding ุฏู ุจูุญุตู ูุฑูุจ ู ู ุงูููู ุงูู 28 ู ู ุงูู menstrual cycle (ุงูุฏูุฑุฉ ุงูุดูุฑูุฉ)ุ ูุฏู ู ู ูู ููุฎุจุท ุงูุณุชุงุช ูููุชูุฑูุง ุฅูู ุงูู normal menstrual bleeding (ูุฒูู ุงูุฏูุฑุฉ ุงูุดูุฑูุฉ ุงูุนุงุฏู)ุ ู ุน ุฅู ุฏู ูุฒูู ุงูู implantation. ูุนูู ู ู ูู ุงูุณุช ุชูุชูุฑ ุฅููุง ุจุชุฌูููุง ุงูุฏูุฑุฉ ุงูุดูุฑูุฉุ ุจุณ ูู ุงูุญูููุฉ ูู ุญุงู ู!
Slide 18
ุฃูู ุญุงุฌุฉุ ุงูู Trophoblast ุงููู ูู ุงูุบูุงู ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌู ุงููู ุจูุญูุท ุจุงูุฌูููุ ุจูุญุตู ููู ุชุบููุฑุงุช. ุงูู cells ุจุชุงุนุฉ ุงูู Cytotrophoblast (ุฏู ุทุจูุฉ ู ู ุงูู Trophoblast) ุจุชุจุฏุฃ ุชุชูุงุซุฑ ูุชููุณู ุจุดูู ู ูุถุนู ูุชุฏุฎู ุฌูู ุงูู Syncytium (ุฏู ุทุจูุฉ ุชุงููุฉ ู ู ุงูู Trophoblast). ูู ุง ุงูู cells ุฏู ุชุฏุฎู ุฌูู ุงูู Syncytium ุจุชุนู ู ุฃุนู ุฏุฉ ูุฏู ุงุณู ูุง ุงูู Primary villi. ุชุฎูููุง ุฒู ุตูุงุจุน ุจุชุทูุน ู ู ุทุจูุฉ ูุทุจูุฉ ุชุงููุฉ.
ุชุงูู ุญุงุฌุฉุ ุจูุญุตู ุชุบููุฑุงุช ุฌูู ุงูู Embryonic disc (ุฏู ุงููุฑุต ุงูุฌูููู ุงููู ููุชููู ู ูู ุงูุฌููู ููุณู). ุงูู Hypoblast (ุฏู ุทุจูุฉ ู ู ุงูู Embryonic disc) ุจุชูุชุฌ ุฎูุงูุง ุฒูุงุฏุฉุ ุงูุฎูุงูุง ุฏู ุจุชูุงุฌุฑ ูุฌูู ุงูู Exocoelomic membrane (ุฏู ุบุดุงุก ุจูุญูุท ุจุงูู Yolk sac). ุงูุฎูุงูุง ุฏู ุจุชุญูุท ุจุชุฌูููุ ุงูุชุฌููู ุฏู ุจูุณู ูู ุงูู Secondary or definitive yolk sac.
ููููู ุนูู ุญุงุฌุฉ ูุฏูุ ุงูู Secondary yolk sac ุฏู ุฃุตุบุฑ ู ู ุงูู Primitive one (ุงูู Yolk sac ุงูุจุฏุงุฆู)ุ ูุฌุฒุก ูุจูุฑ ู ู ุงูู Yolk sac ุจูุชูุทุน ูุจูุชููู ู ูู ููุณ ุงุณู ู ุงูู Exocoelomic cyst. ุงูููุณ ุฏู ุจูุจูู ู ูุฌูุฏ ุฌูู ุงูู Extraembryonic coelom (ุฏู ุชุฌููู ุจุฑู ุงูุฌููู) ุงููู ุงุณู ู ุจุฑุฏู ุงูู Chorionic cavity.
ุขุฎุฑ ุญุงุฌุฉุ ุงูู Extraembryonic mesoderm (ุฏู ุทุจูุฉ ู ู ุงูุฎูุงูุง) ู ุน ุทุจูุชูู ุงูู Trophoblast (ุงููู ูู ุง ุงูู Cytotrophoblast ูุงูู Syncytium) ุจูููููุง ุญุงุฌุฉ ุงุณู ูุง ุงูู Chorionic plate.
Slide 19
ุงูู Connecting stalk ุฏู ู ูู ููู ูู ุงูู ุฑุงุญู ุงูุฃููู ู ู ุงูุญู ู. ูู ุงููู ููุชุทูุฑ ุจุนุฏ ูุฏู ููุจูู ุงูู umbilical cordุ ุงููู ูู ุงูุญุจู ุงูุณุฑู ุงููู ูููุง ุนุงุฑูููู.
ุชุนุงูู ููู ุจููุ ุงูู Connecting stalk ุจูุชููู ู ู ูุฐุง ุญุงุฌุฉ: ููู ุงูู allantoisุ ูุฏู ููุงุฉ ุตุบูุฑุฉ ุจุชุณุงุนุฏ ูู ุงูุชุฎูุต ู ู ุงููุถูุงุช ูู ุงูู ุฑุงุญู ุงูู ุจูุฑุฉ. ูููู ุงูู umbilical vesselsุ ูุฏู ุงูุฃูุนูุฉ ุงูุฏู ููุฉ ุงููู ุจุชููู ุงูุฏู ุจูู ุงูุฌููู ูุงูู placenta. ููู ุจุฑุถู ุดููุฉ mesodermุ ูุฏู ูุณูุฌ ุจูุณุงุนุฏ ูู ุชูููู ุงูุฃูุณุฌุฉ ุงูุชุงููุฉ.
ุฏู ููุทุฉ ู ูู ุฉ ููู: ุงูู Connecting stalk ุฏู ู ุด ู ุฌุฑุฏ ุญุจู ูุฎูุงุต. ุฏู ููู ุญุงุฌุงุช ูุชูุฑ ุจุชุณุงุนุฏ ูู ูู ู ุงูุฌููู ูุชุทูุฑู.
ููููู ุนูู ุญุงุฌุฉ ูุฏูุ ุชุฎูู ุฅู ุงูู Connecting stalk ุฏู ุฒู ูุงุจู ุงูููุฑุจุงุก ุงููู ุจููุตู ุงูููุฑุจุงุก ููุฌูุงุฒ ุจุชุงุนู. ูู ุงููุงุจู ุฏู ุงุชูุทุนุ ุงูุฌูุงุฒ ู ุด ููุดุชุบู. ููุณ ุงูููุงู ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ููู Connecting stalkุ ูู ุญุตู ููู ู ุดููุฉุ ู ู ูู ูุฃุซุฑ ุนูู ูู ู ุงูุฌููู.
Slide 20
ููููู ุนูู ุญุงุฌุฉ ูุฏูุ ุชุฎูู ุฅู ุงูุฌููู ุฏู ุฒู ุจุฐุฑุฉ ุตุบูุฑุฉุ ูุงูู chorionic cavity ุฏู ุฒู ุงููุดุฑุฉ ุงููู ุญูุงููู ุงูุจุฐุฑุฉ. ุงูู connecting stalk ุฏู ุจููุ ูู ุงูุญุจู ุงููู ุจูุฑุจุท ุงูุจุฐุฑุฉ ุจุงููุดุฑุฉ ุฏูุ ูุจููุตููุง ุจุงูุบุฐุงุก ูุงูุฃูุณุฌูู.
ุฏู ููุทุฉ ู ูู ุฉ ูููุ ุงูู connecting stalk ุฏู ุจุนุฏ ูุฏู ููุชุญูู ููู umbilical cordุ ุฃู ุงูุญุจู ุงูุณุฑู ุงููู ุจูุฑุจุท ุงูุฃู ุจุงูุฌููู. ุงูุญุจู ุงูุณุฑู ุฏู ูู ุงููู ุจูููู ุงูุบุฐุงุก ูุงูุฃูุณุฌูู ู ู ุงูุฃู ููุฌูููุ ูุจูุดูู ุงููุถูุงุช ู ู ุงูุฌููู ููุฃู . ูุนูู ู ู ุบูุฑูุ ุงูุฌููู ู ุด ูููุฏุฑ ูุนูุด ููุชุทูุฑ.
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ููููู ุนูู ุญุงุฌุฉ ูุฏูุ ุชุฎูู ุงูู yolk sac ุฏู ุฒู ุดูุทุฉ ุงูุฃูู ุงููู ุงูุฌููู ูุงุฎุฏูุง ู ุนุงู ูู ุงูุฑุญูุฉ ุจุชุงุนุชู. ุงูู Primary yolk sac ุฏู ุฒู ุดูุทุฉ ุตุบูุฑุฉ ูููุง ุฃูู ููููุ ู ุงูู Secondary yolk sac ุฏู ุฒู ุดูุทุฉ ูุจูุฑุฉ ูููุง ุฃูู ูุชูุฑ ููููู ูุญุฏ ู ุง ููุงูู ู ุตุฏุฑ ุฃูู ุฏุงุฆู ุงููู ูู ุงูู placenta.
ุฏู ููุทุฉ ู ูู ุฉ ููู: ุงูู Secondary yolk sac ุฏู ู ุด ุจุณ ุจูุฏู ุบุฐุงุ ุฏู ูู ุงู ุจูุณุงุนุฏ ูู ุชูููู ุฎูุงูุง ุงูุฏู ูู ุงูู ุฑุงุญู ุฏูุ ูุนูู ููู ุฏูุฑ ู ูู ููู ูู ุชุทูุฑ ุงูุฌููู.
Slide 22
ุดูู ูุง ุนู ุ ุงูู **syncytiotrophoblast** ุฏู ุทุจูุฉ ุฎูุงูุง ูุฏู ู ู ุจุฑูุ ูุฏู ุงููู ุจุชุจูู ุนูู ุงุชุตุงู ู ุจุงุดุฑ ุจุฏู ุงูุฃู . ุชุฎูููุง ุฒู ุงูุญุงุฑุณ ุงููู ุจููุงุฌู ุงูุนุงูู ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌูุ ูู ุงููู ุจูุดูู ุฅูู ุงููู ุฏุงุฎู ูุฅูู ุงููู ุฎุงุฑุฌุ ูุจููุฑุฒ ูุฑู ููุงุช ู ูู ุฉ ุฒู ุงูู HCG ุงููู ุจูุณุชุฎุฏู ู ูู ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑ ุงูุญู ู. ุงูู syncytiotrophoblast ุฏู ุจุชุชููู ุนู ุทุฑูู ุฅู ุงูุฎูุงูุง ุจุชูุฏู ุฌ ู ุน ุจุนุถูุงุ ุนุดุงู ูุฏู ุงุณู ูุง "syncytio-" ูุนูู ุฎูุงูุง ู ุชุญุฏุฉ.
ุชุนุงู ุจูู ูููู ุงูู **cytotrophoblast**ุ ุฏู ุทุจูุฉ ุงูุฎูุงูุง ุงููู ุฌูู ุงูู syncytiotrophoblast. ุฏู ุจูู ุฒู ุงูู ุตูุน ุงููู ุจูุบุฐู ุงูู syncytiotrophoblastุ ูุนูู ูู ุงููู ุจุชูุชุฌ ุงูุฎูุงูุง ุงููู ุจุชูุฏู ุฌ ูุชููู ุงูู syncytiotrophoblast. ููุฑ ูููุง ุฒู ุงูุนู ุงู ุงููู ุดุบุงููู ุฌูู ุงูู ุตูุน.
ุฃุฎุฑ ุญุงุฌุฉ ุงูู **extraembryonic mesoderm**ุ ูุฏู ุทุจูุฉ ู ู ุงูุฎูุงูุง ุงููู ุจุชุฏุนู ุงูู cytotrophoblast ูุงูู syncytiotrophoblast. ุฏู ุจุชูุฌู ู ู ุงูู embryo ููุณูุ ูุจุชุณุงุนุฏ ูู ุชูููู ุงูุฃูุนูุฉ ุงูุฏู ููุฉ ุงููู ูุชูุตู ุงูุบุฐุงุก ูุงูุฃูุณุฌูู ู ู ุงูุฃู ููุฌููู. ุชุฎูููุง ุฒู ุงูุฃุณุงุณ ุงููู ุจูุจูู ุนููู ุงูู ุตูุน.
ูุนูู ุจุงูุจูุฏู ูุฏูุ ุงูู syncytiotrophoblast ูู ุงููุงุฌูุฉุ ุงูู cytotrophoblast ูู ุงูู ุตูุนุ ูุงูู extraembryonic mesoderm ูู ุงูุฃุณุงุณ. ูููู ุจูุดุชุบููุง ู ุน ุจุนุถ ุนุดุงู ุงูู ุดูู ุฉ ุชุชููู ูุชููู ุจูุธููุชูุง ูู ุชุบุฐูุฉ ุงูุฌููู.
Slide 23
ุจุตุ ูู ููุงูุฉ ุงูุฃุณุจูุน ุงูุชุงูู ู ู ุงูุญู ูุ ุจูุจุฏุฃ ูุชูุฑุฒ ูุฑู ูู ุงุณู ู human chorionic gonadotropin hormoneุ ุงุฎุชุตุงุฑู hCG. ุงููุฑู ูู ุฏู ุจูุชูุฑุฒ ู ู ุฎูุงูุง ุงุณู ูุง syncytiotrophoblastุ ูุงูุฎูุงูุง ุฏู ุฌุฒุก ู ู ุงูุฌููู ุงููู ุจูุชููู ูู ุงูุฑุญู .
ุชุนุงู ููู ุจููุ ุงููุฑู ูู ุฏู ู ูู ุฌุฏุงู ูุฃูู ูู ุงูุฃุณุงุณ ุงููู ุจุชุนุชู ุฏ ุนููู ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑุงุช ุงูุญู ู. ูุนูู ูู ุง ุงูุณุช ุชุนู ู ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑ ุญู ูุ ุงูุงุฎุชุจุงุฑ ุจูุฏูุฑ ุนูู ุงููุฑู ูู ุฏู ูู ุงูุจูู ุฃู ุงูุฏู . ูู ุงููุฑู ูู ู ูุฌูุฏุ ูุจูู ุงูุณุช ุญุงู ู.
ุฏู ููุทุฉ ู ูู ุฉ ูููุ ุงููุฑู ูู ุฏู ุจูุจุฏุฃ ูุธูุฑ ุจูู ูุฉ ูุงููุฉ ูู ููุงูุฉ ุงูุฃุณุจูุน ุงูุชุงููุ ูุฏู ุงูููุช ุงููู ู ู ูู ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑ ุงูุญู ู ููุดู ูุฌูุฏ ุงูุญู ู. ูุจู ูุฏูุ ู ู ูู ุงูุงุฎุชุจุงุฑ ู ูููุด ุฏููู.
ููููู ุนูู ุญุงุฌุฉ ูุฏูุ ุงูู syncytiotrophoblast ุฏู ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู ุทุจูุฉ ุฎูุงูุง ุฎุงุฑุฌูุฉ ุจุชุญูุท ุจุงูุฌููู ูู ุงูู ุฑุงุญู ุงูุฃููู ู ู ุชุทูุฑูุ ููู ุงููู ุจุชุณุงุนุฏ ุงูุฌููู ุนูู ุงูุงูุชุตุงู ุจุฌุฏุงุฑ ุงูุฑุญู ูุชุบุฐูุชู.
Slide 24
Slide 25
ูู ุงูุฃูู ุฎุงูุตุ ุงูู embryonic disc ุฏู ุจูููู ู ุฏูุฑ ุฒู ุงูุฏุงูุฑุฉ ุจุงูุธุจุท. ุจุณ ู ุน ุงูููุชุ ููู ุจููุจุฑุ ุจูุจุฏุฃ ูุงุฎุฏ ุดูู ุจูุถุงููุ ูุนูู ูุจูู ุฃุทูู ุดููุฉ ู ู ุนุฑุถู.
ุจุนุฏ ูุฏูุ ุงูู embryonic disc ุฏู ุจูุชุญูู ูุดูู ุงููู ุซุฑูุ ุนุงุฑู ุงููู ุซุฑู ุงููู ุจูุงูููุงุ ุจูุจูู ููู ุฌุฒุก ุฑููุน ู ู ุชุญุช ุงููู ูู ุงูู caudal endุ ูุฌุฒุก ูุงุณุน ู ู ููู ุงููู ูู ุงูู cranial end. ุงูู caudal end ุฏู ุงููู ูู ุงูุฌุฒุก ุงููู ูุงุญูุฉ ุงูุฏููุ ูุงูู cranial end ุฏู ุงููู ูู ุงูุฌุฒุก ุงููู ูุงุญูุฉ ุงูุฑุงุณ.
ุชุนุงู ููู ุจููุ ุงูู caudal end ุฏู ุจูููู ู ุชูุตู ุจุฌุฏุงุฑ ุงูู chorionic vesicle ุงููู ูู ุงูู chorionุ ูุฏู ุนู ุทุฑูู ุญุงุฌุฉ ุงุณู ูุง ุงูู connecting stalkุ ูุนูู ุฒู ูุตูุฉ ูุฏู ุจุชุฑุจุทูู ุจุจุนุถ.
ุฏู ููุทุฉ ู ูู ุฉ ูููุ ุงูู embryonic disc ุฏู ูู ุงููู ููุชููู ู ูู ูู ุญุงุฌุฉ ูู ุงูุฌูููุ ูุนูู ูู ุงูุฃุนุถุงุก ูุงูุฃูุณุฌุฉ ูุชูุฌู ู ูู. ูุงูุดูู ุจุชุงุนู ุจูุชุบูุฑ ู ุน ุงูููุช ุนุดุงู ุงูุฃุนุถุงุก ุชุจุฏุฃ ุชุงุฎุฏ ู ูุงููุง ุงูุตุญ ูุชุชููู ุจุงูุดูู ุงูุณููู .
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ุงูู Implantation ุฏู ู ุนูุงู ุจุจุณุงุทุฉ ุฅู ุงูู blastocystุ ุงููู ูู ุงูููุฑุฉ ุงูุตุบูุฑุฉ ุงููู ูููุง ุงูุฌููู ูู ุจุฏุงูุชูุ ุจุชูุฒู ูุชุบุฑุฒ ููุณูุง ูู ุงูู endometriumุ ุงููู ูู ุงูุจุทุงูุฉ ุจุชุงุนุฉ ุงูุฑุญู . ุงูู endometrium ุฏู ุนุงู ู ุฒู ุงูู ุฑุชุจุฉ ุงููู ุงูุฌููู ูููุงู ุนูููุง ููุชุบุฐู ู ููุง.
ุดูู ูุง ุนู ุ ุงูุนู ููุฉ ุฏู ุจุชุญุตู ุนุดุงู ููุตู ูู uteroplacental circulationุ ูุนูู ุงูุฏูุฑุฉ ุงูุฏู ููุฉ ุงููู ุจุชูุตู ุงูุฏู ู ู ุงูุฃู ููุฌููู ุนู ุทุฑูู ุงูู placenta (ุงูู ุดูู ุฉ).
ุงูู ูุงู ุงูุทุจูุนู ููู Implantation ุฏู ููู ุจููุ ุฏู ุณุคุงู ู ูู ููู. ุงูู ูุงู ุงูุทุจูุนู ูู ุงูุฌุฒุก ุงูุนููู ู ู ุงูุณุทุญ ุงูุฎููู ููุฑุญู ุ ูุฑูุจ ู ู ุงููุตุ ูู ุงูุฌุฒุก ุงูุณุทุญู ู ู ุงูู stratum compactum. ุงูู stratum compactum ุฏู ุทุจูุฉ ู ู ุงูู endometriumุ ูุจูู ุงูู endometrial glandsุ ุงููู ูู ุงูุบุฏุฏ ุงูู ูุฌูุฏุฉ ูู ุงูุจุทุงูุฉ ุฏู. ุชุฎูููุง ุฒู ู ุง ุชููู ุจุชุฒุฑุน ุจุฐุฑุฉ ูู ุชุฑุจุฉ ูููุณุฉ ุจูู ุฌุฐูุฑ ุงูุดุฌุฑ.
ุงูู Implantation ุฏู ุจูุงุฎุฏ ููุช ูุฏ ุฅููุ ุจูุจุฏุฃ ูู ุงูููู ุงูุณุงุฏุณ ุจุนุฏ ุงูุฅุฎุตุงุจุ ูุจูุฎูุต ุฎุงูุต ูู ุงูููู ุงูู 11 ุฃู ุงูู 12ุ ูุนูู ุงูู blastocyst ุจุชุฎุชูู ุชู ุงู ูุง ุชุญุช ุณุทุญ ุงูู endometrium. ูุฃููุง ุงุณุชุฎุจุช ุฌูุฉ ุงูู ุฑุชุจุฉ.
Slide 27
ุชุนุงู ููู ุจููุ ุฃูู ุญุงุฌุฉ ุงูู zona pellucida ุฏู ุทุจูุฉ ุจุชุญู ู ุงูู ovum (ุงูุจููุถุฉ) ุจุนุฏ ู ุง ุชุชุฎุตุจ. ูุจู ุงูู implantation ู ุจุงุดุฑุฉูุ ุงูู zona pellucida ุฏู ุจุชุฎุชููุ ุฒู ู ุง ุชููู ุจุชูุณุญ ุงูู ุฌุงู ููู blastocyst ุนุดุงู ุชุนุฑู ุชุนู ู ุงูู implantation.
ุญุงุฌุฉ ุชุงููุฉุ ุญูุงููู ุงูููู ุงูุฎุงู ุณุ ุงูู blastocyst ุจุชุจุฏุฃ ุชุทูุน ู ู ุงูู zona pellucida. ุงูุนู ููุฉ ุฏู ุจูุณู ููุง "hatching" ุฒู ู ุง ุชููู ุจุชููุณ ู ู ุงูุจูุถุฉ.
ุจุนุฏ ูุฏูุ ุงูู blastocyst ุจุชูุฒู ุนูู ุทูู ูู ุงูู endometrial epitheliumุ ุงููู ูู ุงูุทุจูุฉ ุงููู ุจุชุจุทู ุงูุฑุญู ู ู ุฌูู. ุจุชูุฒู ุจุงูุญุชุฉ ุงููู ูููุง ุงูู embryonic poleุ ูุนูู ุงูุญุชุฉ ุงููู ูููุง ุงูุฎูุงูุง ุงููู ูุชุจูู ุงูุฌููู ุจุนุฏ ูุฏู. ูุฏู ููุทุฉ ู ูู ุฉ ูููุ ูุงุฒู ุงูู blastocyst ุชูุฒู ุตุญ ุนุดุงู ุงูู implantation ููุฌุญ.
ููููู ุนูู ุญุงุฌุฉ ูุฏู ุนุดุงู ุชุชุฎูููุงุ ุงูู zona pellucida ุฏู ุฒู ูุดุฑุฉ ุงูุจูุถุฉุ ูุงูู blastocyst ูู ุงููุชููุช ุงููู ุจูุญุงูู ูุทูุน. ูุงูู endometrium ุฏู ุงูุนุด ุงููู ุงููุชููุช ููุฑุชุงุญ ููู.
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ุฏูููุชู ุงูู trophoblast cellsุ ุฏู ุฎูุงูุง ู ูุฌูุฏุฉ ูู ุงูู blastocyst (ุงููู ูู ุงูุฌููู ูู ู ุฑุงุญูู ุงูุฃููู ุฎุงูุต)ุ ุงูู trophoblast ุฏู ุจุชุนู ู ุญุงุฌุฉ ู ูู ุฉ ูููุ ุจุชุนู ู invasionุ ูุนูู "ุบุฒู" ููู epithelium ูุงูู underlying endometrial stroma. ุงูู Endometrium ุฏู ุงููู ูู ุงูุจุทุงูุฉ ุงูุฏุงุฎููุฉ ููุฑุญู ุ ู ุงูู stroma ุฏู ุงููุณูุฌ ุงููู ุชุญุช ุงูู epithelium.
ุทุจ ุฅุฒุงู ุงูู trophoblast ุจูุนู ู ุงูู invasion ุฏูุ ุดูู ูุง ุนู ุ ุงูู trophoblast ุจููุฑุฒ proteolytic enzymes. ุงูู enzymes ุฏู ุนุงู ูุฉ ุฒู ุงูู ูุตุงุช ุงูุตุบูุฑุฉุ ุจุชูุณุฑ ุงูุจุฑูุชููุงุช ุงููู ู ุงุณูุฉ ุงูุฎูุงูุง ุจุชุงุนุฉ ุงูู endometrium ูู ุจุนุถูุง. ูู ุง ุงูุจุฑูุชููุงุช ุฏู ุจุชุชูุณุฑุ ุงูู blastocyst ุจููุฏุฑ "ูุบุทุณ" ุฃู ููุบุฑุณ ุฌูู ุงูู endometrium.
ูุนูู ุงูู ูุถูุน ููู ุจุจุณุงุทุฉุ ุงูู blastocyst ุจููุฑุฒ enzymes ุชูุณุฑ ุงูู endometriumุ ูุจุนุฏูู ุงูู blastocyst ุจููุฒู ุฌูุงู. ุฒู ุจุงูุธุจุท ู ุง ุชููู ุจุชุญูุฑ ุญูุฑุฉ ุตุบูุฑุฉ ุนุดุงู ุชุฒุฑุน ุจุฐุฑุฉ.
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ุฃูู ุญุงุฌุฉ ุจุชุญุตู ูู ุงูู decidual reactionุ ูุฏู ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู ุดููุฉ ุชุบููุฑุงุช ุจุชุญุตู ูู ุงูู endometrium (ุจุทุงูุฉ ุงูุฑุญู ) ุนูุดุงู ุชุณุชูุจู ุงูู blastocyst ูุชุบุฐููุง. ุงูู ูุทูุฉ ุงููู ุงูู blastocyst ุฏุฎูุช ู ููุง ุฏู ุจุชููู ุจุฌูุทุฉ ุฏู ู ู ุงูู fibrin (ููุน ู ู ุงูุจุฑูุชูู ุจูุณุงุนุฏ ูู ุชุฌูุท ุงูุฏู ) ูู ุงูููู ุงูุชุงุณุน ู ู ุงูุชูููู.
ุชุนุงู ููู ุจููุ ู ู ุงูููู ุงูู 11 ููู 12ุ ุงูู blastocyst ุจุชููู ุบุฑูุช ุฎุงูุต ุฌูู ุงูู endometriumุ ูุนูู ุจูุช ู ุฏูููุฉ ุฌูุงูุง ุจุงููุงู ู.
ููููู ุนูู ุญุงุฌุฉ ูุฏูุ ุงูู syncytial lacunae (ุฏู ูุฑุงุบุงุช ุตุบูุฑุฉ ุจุชุชููู ูู ุงูู syncytiotrophoblastุ ูุฏู ุทุจูุฉ ู ู ุงูุฎูุงูุง ุงููู ุจุชุญูุท ุจุงูู blastocyst) ุฏู ุจุชุชุตู ุจุงูุฃูุนูุฉ ุงูุฏู ููุฉ ุจุชุงุนุฉ ุงูุฃู ุนูุดุงู ุชุนู ู ุงูู uteroplacental circulationุ ูุนูู ุงูุฏูุฑุฉ ุงูุฏู ููุฉ ุงููู ุจุชูุตู ุงูุฏู ู ู ุงูุฃู ููุฌููู.
ุฏู ููุทุฉ ู ูู ุฉ ูููุ ุจุญููู ุงูููู ุงูู 13ุ ุฃู ูุชุญุฉ ุฃู ุฌุฑุญ ุตุบูุฑ ุญุตู ูู ุงูู endometrium ุฃุซูุงุก ุงูู implantation ุจูููู ููู ูุงูุชุฆู ุฎูุงุต. ูุนูู ู ููุด ุฃู ุฃุซุฑ ููุนู ููุฉ ุฏู.
Slide 30
ุฃูู ุญุงุฌุฉุ ุงูู **Failure of implantation**: ูุนูู ุงูุจููุถุฉ ุงูู ุฎุตุจุฉ ู ุง ุนุฑูุชุด ุชุชุนุดุด ุฃุตูุงู ูู ุงูุฑุญู . ุทุจ ูููุ ููู ุฃุณุจุงุจ ูุชูุฑ. ู ู ูู ูููู ููู **Intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD)** ุงููู ูู ุงููููุจุ ุฏู ุจูู ูุน ุงูุชุนุดูุด. ุฃู ู ู ูู ูููู ููู ู ุดุงูู ูู ุงูุฑุญู ููุณูุ ุฒู ู ุซูุงู **rudimentary uterus** ูุนูู ุงูุฑุญู ู ุด ูุงู ู ุงููู ู. ุฃู ู ู ูู ูููู ููู ุฃูุฑุงู ูู ุชุฌููู ุงูุฑุญู ุ ุฏู ุจุฑุถู ุจุชู ูุน ุงูุชุนุดูุด.
ุชุงูู ุญุงุฌุฉุ ุงูู **Abnormal site of implantation**: ูุนูู ุงูุจููุถุฉ ุงูู ุฎุตุจุฉ ุงุชุฒุฑุนุช ูู ู ูุงู ุบูุทุ ู ุด ูู ุงูุฑุญู . ูุฏู ุงุณู ูุง **Ectopic pregnancy** ุงููู ูู ุงูุญู ู ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงูุฑุญู . ูุนูู ุงูุจูุงุณุชูุณูุณุช ุงููู ูู ุงูู blastocyst (ุงููุฑุฉ ุงููู ุจุชุชููู ู ู ุงูุฎูุงูุง ูู ุจุฏุงูุฉ ุงูุญู ู) ุงุชุฒุฑุนุช ุจุฑู ุงูุฑุญู ุฎุงูุต.
ุชุนุงู ููู ุจููุ ุงูู Ectopic pregnancy ุฏู ุฎุทูุฑุฉ ุฌุฏุงูุ ุนุดุงู ุงูู blastocyst ู ุด ูุชุนุฑู ุชูู ู ูู ููุง ุจุฑู ุงูุฑุญู ุ ูู ู ูู ุชุนู ู ู ุดุงูู ูุจูุฑุฉ ููุฃู ุ ุฒู ุงููุฒูู ุงูุดุฏูุฏ ุฃู ุญุชู ุงูููุงุฉ ูู ู ุง ุงุชุนุงูุฌุชุด ุจุณุฑุนุฉ.
Slide 31
ุดูู ูุง ุนู ุ ุงูู slide ุจุชูููู ุฅู ุฃุดูุฑ ู ูุงู ูู ectopic pregnancy ูู ุงูู fallopian tubeุ ู ุจุงูุชุญุฏูุฏ ุงูู ampulla ุจุชุงุนุฉ ุงูู uterine tube. ูุนูู ุงูู baby ุจูุชุฒุฑุน ุฌูุง ุงูู tube ุงููู ุจุชูุตู ุงูู ovary ุจุงูุฑุญู . ุฏู ุจูุญุตู ูู 95% ู ู ุงูุญุงูุงุช.
ุชุนุงู ููู ุจููุ ู ู ูู ุงูู ectopic pregnancy ุฏู ูุญุตู ูู ุฃู ุงูู ุชุงููุฉ ุจุณ ูุงุฏุฑุฉ ููู. ุฒู ุฅููุ ุฒู ุงูู cervix ุจุชุงุน ุงูุฑุญู (ุงููู ูู ุนูู ุงูุฑุญู )ุ ุฃู ุงูู ovary ููุณู (ุงูู ุจูุถ)ุ ุฃู ุงูู rectouterine pouch (ุงููู ูู ูุฑุงุบ ูุฏู ูุฑุง ุงูุฑุญู )ุ ุฃู ุงูู mesentery ุจุชุงุน ุงูู small intestine (ุงูุบุดุงุก ุงููู ู ุงุณู ุงูุฃู ุนุงุก ุงูุฏูููุฉ)ุ ุฃู ุญุชู ุงูู scar ุจุชุงุน ุงูู cesarean section (ู ูุงู ุฌุฑุญ ุงูููุงุฏุฉ ุงูููุตุฑูุฉ ุงููุฏูู ).
ููููู ุนูู ุญุงุฌุฉ ูุฏูุ ูู ุฃุบูุจ ุญุงูุงุช ุงูู ectopic pregnancyุ ุงูู embryo (ุงูุฌููู) ุจูู ูุช ูู ุงูุดูุฑ ุงูุชุงูู ู ู ุงูุญู ู. ูููุ ุนุดุงู ุงูู ูุงู ุงููู ูู ููู ู ุด ู ููุฃ ุฅูู ูุณุชุญู ู ูู ููุ ู ุฏู ุจูุณุจุจ ูุฒูู ุดุฏูุฏ ููุฃู ู ู ูู ููุฏุฏ ุญูุงุชูุง. ุนุดุงู ูุฏู ูุงุฒู ูุชุดุฎุต ุจุฏุฑู ู ูุชุนุงูุฌ.
Slide 32
1- **Placentapraevia lateralis:** ุฏู ุงูู ุดูู ุฉ ุจุชููู ู ุฒุฑูุนุฉ ูู ุงูุฌุฒุก ุงูุณููู ู ู ุงูุฑุญู ุจุณ ุฃุนูู ุดููุฉ ู ู ุนูู ุงูุฑุญู . ูุนูู ู ุด ูุงููุฉ ุงููุชุญุฉ ุฃูู.
2- **Placentapraevia marginalis:** ููุง ุงูู ุดูู ุฉ ูุงุตูุฉ ูุญุฏ ุญูุงู ุนูู ุงูุฑุญู ุจุงูุธุจุท. ูุนูู ุนูู ุงูุทุฑู ูุฏู.
3- **Placentapraevia centralis:** ูุฏู ุจูู ุฃุฎุทุฑ ูุงุญุฏุฉ ูููู . ุงูู ุดูู ุฉ ุจุชููู ูุงููุฉ ูุชุญุฉ ุนูู ุงูุฑุญู ุงูุฏุงุฎููุฉ ุจุงููุงู ู. ูุฏู ุจุชุนู ู ูุฒูู ุดุฏูุฏ ููู ูุฃููุง ุจุชู ูุน ุงูุจูุจู ู ู ุงููุฒูู ุทุจูุนู ูุจุชุนุฑุถ ุงูุฃู ูุงูุจูุจู ููุฎุทุฑ. ููููู ุนูู ุญุงุฌุฉ ูุฏูุ ุชุฎูู ุฅูู ุจุชุญุงูู ุชุทูุน ู ู ุจุงุจ ู ูููู!
ุฏู ููุทุฉ ู ูู ุฉ ููู ุนุดุงู ุงูู Placentapraevia centralis ุฏู ูุงุฒู ุชูููุฏ ููุตุฑู ุนุดุงู ุงูุจูุจู ู ูุนุฑูุด ููุฒู ุทุจูุนู.
Slide 33
ุจุต ุจููุ ุงูู moles ุฏู ุจุชุนุจุฑ ุนู ุงูู paternal genes ุจุณุ ูุนูู ุงูุฌููุงุช ุงููู ุฌุงูุฉ ู ู ุงูุฃุจ ุจุณ. ูุบุงูุจุงู ุจุชุญุตู ุจุณุจุจ ุฅู ุงูู fertilization ุจูุญุตู ูู non-nucleated eggุ ูุนูู ุจููุถุฉ ู ูููุงุด ููุงุฉุ ูุจุนุฏูู ุจูุญุตู duplication ููู paternal chromosomes ุนุดุงู ูุฑุฌุน ุงูู diploid numberุ ูุนูู ุงูุนุฏุฏ ุงูุทุจูุนู ูููุฑูู ูุณูู ุงุช.
ููููู ุนูู ุญุงุฌุฉ ูุฏูุ ุงูู moles ุฏู ุจุชูุฑุฒ ุชุฑููุฒุงุช ุนุงููุฉ ู ู ุงูู human chorionic gonadotropinุ ูุฏู ุงููู ุจูููุณูุง ูู ุชุญููู ุงูุญู ู. ูู ู ูู ุงูู moles ุฏู ุชุชุญูู ูู benign tumorุ ูุนูู ูุฑู ุญู ูุฏุ ุฃู ูู malignant tumorุ ูุนูู ูุฑู ุฎุจูุซุ ูุฏู ุงููู ุจูุณู ูู invasive mole ุฃู choriocarcinoma. ูุนูู ุงูู ูุถูุน ู ู ูู ูููุจ ุจูุฑู ุณุฑุทุงูู ูู ู ุฎุฏูุงุด ุจุงููุง. ุฏู ููุทุฉ ู ูู ุฉ ููู.
๐ Friendly explanation as if talking to a friend
Slide 1
Now, the slide also mentions the logos. There's one logo that has a sun and some Arabic text on the left. And there's another circular logo on the right; it says "Faculty of Medicine - Assiut University" and has more Arabic text, plus a crescent moon and the same sun logo as the other one. These are just identifying the source of the lecture, basically where it's coming from.
Slide 2
You also need to know what changes happen around the 8th day after fertilization, all the way until the end of that week. This is a period of rapid development, so knowing the timeline is key. It's like watching a plant sprout โ a lot happens in a short time.
Then, there's the process of implantation. This is when the blastocyst (that early ball of cells) burrows into the wall of the uterus. It's like planting a seed in soil. If it doesn't happen right, things can go wrong. That's why you gotta understand how it's supposed to work.
Finally, you gotta know about abnormal implantation. This is when the implantation goes wrong - like when the seed plants in the wrong place or doesn't get enough nutrients. It's super important to know what can happen when implantation doesn't go as planned.
Slide 3
So, first off, the blastocyst, which is like the early form of the embryo, finishes burrowing into the wall of the uterus. That's implantation.
Next, the embryoblast, which is the inner cell mass inside the blastocyst, starts changing. It forms into a bilaminar embryonic disc. "Bilaminar" just means it has two layers. These layers are called the epiblast and the hypoblast. Think of it like a two-layered pancake.
Now, this embryonic disc is super crucial. It's what eventually gives rise to all the different tissues and organs in the developing embryo. So, every part of you, every organ, started from these two layers.
At the same time, some extra stuff is forming outside the embryo itself. These are called extraembryonic structures. We're talking about things like the amniotic cavity, which is a fluid-filled space that will surround and protect the embryo. Then there's the amnion, which is the membrane that forms the wall of the amniotic cavity. You also have the umbilical vesicle, also known as the yolk sac (even though it doesn't really have yolk like a chicken egg in humans, it's important for early nutrient transfer). There's the connecting stalk, which will eventually become the umbilical cord, and the chorionic sac, which surrounds everything and contributes to the formation of the placenta (the organ that provides nutrients to the baby).
The figure is showing you what this blastocyst looks like at this stage. You can see the internal cell mass (that's the embryoblast we talked about), the trophoblast (which is the outer layer that helps with implantation), the zona pellucida (a protective layer around the blastocyst), and the blastocoele (the fluid-filled cavity inside).
Slide 4
The picture shows a human blastocyst, and it looks like a little ball. You've got this outer layer, called the trophoblast. The trophoblast is super important because it's what eventually becomes the placenta (that's the organ that nourishes the baby during pregnancy).
Then, inside the ball, there's a little clump of cells. That's the inner cell mass. Here's something cool: the inner cell mass is what actually turns into the baby! So, you've got the outer layer making the placenta, and the inner cells making the actual fetus. It's all happening at the microscopic level. This image shows the structure and organization of this blastocyst.
Slide 5
So, the blastocyst, that's the early ball of cells, is now kinda snuggled into the endometrium. The endometrium is the lining of the uterus, where the blastocyst will implant. It's like planting a seed in soil.
Now, check this out, the trophoblast is changing. The trophoblast is the outer layer of cells of the blastocyst. It's what eventually forms part of the placenta. On day 8, the trophoblast splits into two layers where it's closest to the embryoblast. The embryoblast is the inner cell mass, which will become the actual embryo.
The first layer is the cytotrophoblast. This is the inner layer and it's made of single cells, each with one nucleus (mononucleated cells). Think of it like a layer of individual bricks.
Then, there's the syncytiotrophoblast. This is the outer layer, and it's a multinucleated mass, meaning it's one big blob of cytoplasm with many nuclei and no clear cell boundaries. It forms by fusion of cytotrophoblast cells. This layer invades the endometrium, helping the blastocyst to burrow in and get nutrients. It's like the roots of a plant digging into the soil.
Slide 6
On the left, you see the blastocyst snuggling into the Endometrial stroma, which is basically the tissue of the uterine lining. You've got Blood vessels scattered around there too. The Syncytiotrophoblast is the outer layer of the blastocyst, and this is really important: it's invading the uterine tissue to anchor the whole thing. Underneath that is the Cytotrophoblast, another layer. Inside the blastocyst, thereโs the Blastocyst cavity, and within that are the Hypoblast and Epiblast โ these are the early cells that will eventually form the baby. Above the Epiblast is the Amniotic cavity, which will become the sac filled with fluid around the baby. The Amnioblasts are the cells lining this Amniotic cavity. The Surface epithelium is the surface layer of the uterus, and you see the Uterine gland nearby.
Now, on the right diagram, it's like a close-up. You can see the Syncytiotrophoblast and Cytotrophoblast again as the outer layers. Inside, you've got the Amnioblast, above the Epiblast, which sits next to the Hypoblast. And at the bottom, you see the Uterine wall. This whole arrangement shows how the embryo is developing and attaching itself to the uterus. It's a crucial early stage.
Slide 7
So, the cytotrophoblast is a layer of cells that's actively dividing through mitosis. Mitosis is just the process where cells make copies of themselves. But here's something cool: the syncytiotrophoblast *doesn't* undergo mitosis. Instead, the cells in the cytotrophoblast divide and then migrate into the syncytiotrophoblast. Once they're in the syncytiotrophoblast, they fuse together, and they lose their individual cell membranes. This fusion creates a big, multinucleated mass of cells.
The diagram shows the uterine wall with maternal capillaries, which are tiny blood vessels that supply nutrients to the developing embryo. The syncytiotrophoblast is the outer layer that's in direct contact with the uterine wall. Inside that, you have the cytotrophoblast. Then you see the amniotic cavity and epiblast, which are part of the developing embryo itself. You've also got the embryoblast, hypoblast, and blastocoel shown. The embryoblast will eventually form the actual embryo. The blastocoel is a fluid-filled cavity within the blastocyst, and it's surrounded by a membrane.
Slide 8
So, the inner cell mass (also called the embryoblast) is like a ball of cells inside the blastocyst (that's the early embryo). These cells are going to differentiate, meaning they're going to change and become specialized. They split into two main layers: the Hypoblast and the Epiblast.
The Hypoblast layer is a layer of cuboidal cells. Cuboidal means they're roughly cube-shaped. This layer sits next to the blastocyst cavity โ that's the fluid-filled space inside the blastocyst.
Then you have the Epiblast layer. These are high columnar cells, meaning they're taller than they are wide, like columns. The Epiblast is next to the amniotic cavity. The amniotic cavity is the space that will eventually surround the developing baby and is filled with amniotic fluid.
The diagram also shows you other important stuff around these layers. You've got the Endometrial stroma which is the tissue of the uterus. Blood vessels are there to supply nutrients. The Syncytiotrophoblast and Cytotrophoblast are layers that help the embryo implant into the uterine wall. You can also see Amnioblasts, which are cells that line the amniotic cavity. The Surface epithelium and Uterine gland are also part of the uterine lining.
This whole process is how the inner cell mass organizes itself to start forming the different parts of the embryo.
Slide 9
Now, the cells that form the amnion, which is the membrane surrounding the amniotic cavity, are called amniogenic cells or amnioblasts. These cells separate from the epiblast, and then they line the amniotic cavity. Think of it like wallpapering the inside of that balloon I mentioned.
Here's something cool to remember: the endometrial stroma, which is the tissue of the uterus next to where the embryo implants, becomes edematous. Edematous means it gets swollen with fluid, and it also becomes highly vascular. Highly vascular means it has a lot of blood vessels. This is really important because it helps support the developing embryo. It's like the uterus is preparing a comfy, well-supplied bed for the baby.
Slide 10
Then, there's the **embryonic disc**. This is really important because this is where the actual baby will develop from. It has two layers: the **hypoblast** and the **epiblast**. Think of them as the foundation layers for all the cool stuff that's gonna happen later.
You also have the **amnion**. This is a membrane that surrounds the **amniotic cavity**. The amniotic cavity is filled with fluid, and it's like a cushion for the developing baby. It protects it, you know?
Finally, there's the **trophoblast**. This is the outer layer of cells, and it's super important for implantation, like sticking the embryo to the wall of the uterus. The **trophoblast** has two layers too: the **cytotrophoblast** and the **syncytiotrophoblast**. The **syncytiotrophoblast** is kinda weird, it's like a bunch of cells that have fused together. They invade the mother's tissues to get nutrients for the developing embryo.
Slide 11
So, by Day 9, the blastocyst, which is the early embryo, has really dug itself deep into the endometrium. The endometrium, that's the lining of the uterus. The little hole that was made when the blastocyst burrowed in is now sealed up by a fibrin coagulum. Think of it like a tiny blood clot patching up the surface. This means implantation is pretty much done.
Now, look at the diagram. You'll see the "Embryoblast" โ that's what will eventually become the baby. Then, you have the "Hypoblast" and "Epiblast" โ these are layers of cells within the embryoblast that are starting to organize.
Around all that, you've got the "Cytotrophoblast" and "Syncytiotrophoblast." These are outer layers that are crucial for implantation and getting nutrients to the embryo. The "Syncytiotrophoblast" is especially important โ it's like an invasive layer that helps the embryo embed itself. You'll notice spaces called "Lacunae" forming within the Syncytiotrophoblast; these will eventually fill with maternal blood to nourish the growing embryo. The "Site of implantation" is marked by that fibrinous structure we talked about earlier.
Slide 12
First, vacuoles start showing up in the trophoblast, specifically near the embryonic pole โ that's the end where the embryo is developing. These vacuoles are just little fluid-filled spaces within the syncytiotrophoblast. The syncytiotrophoblast is the outer layer of the trophoblast.
Then, these vacuoles start to fuse together. They merge and become bigger spaces called lacunae. Because of this, we call this stage of development the "lacunar stage." This is really important because these lacunae will eventually fill with maternal blood and help nourish the developing embryo.
Now, about the diagram. You've got the trophoblastic lacunae, those are the spaces we just talked about, sitting inside the syncytiotrophoblast. You'll also see enlarged blood vessels around the trophoblast. These are maternal blood vessels, and they're getting ready to supply blood to those lacunae. The syncytiotrophoblast is on the outside, and the cytotrophoblast is the inner cellular layer.
Then you see the amnioblast and the amniotic cavity. The amniotic cavity is the space that will eventually surround the fetus. The epiblast and hypoblast are the two layers of cells that make up the embryonic disc, which will become the actual embryo.
Finally, there's the exocoelomic cavity, also known as the primitive yolk sac. It's lined by the exocoelomic membrane. This yolk sac is important for early nutrition. And at the bottom, you see some fibrin coagulum โ that's basically clotted blood, which is normal in this early stage of implantation.
Slide 13
First, you got the syncytio-trophoblast. That's like the outer layer, the part that's burrowing into the mom's uterus. It's got this dotted texture in the diagram, think of it as a messy, invasive layer. Then there's the cytotrophoblast, which is another layer, more organized, right underneath the syncytio-trophoblast, it's the outermost layer encircling everything.
Now, inside all that, you have the amnion. It's a membrane that forms a sac around the developing embryo, it's like a protective bubble on the upper part of the embryo. Underneath the amnion is the bilaminar embryonic disc. This is really important, because this disc is what will eventually become the actual baby! It's in a blue box to show it's the main event.
Finally, there's the exocoelomic membrane and the exocoelomic cavity. The membrane lines the cavity, and the cavity is a big space underneath the disc. Think of it as a fluid-filled area that provides support and nourishment.
Slide 14
So, we're talking about the embryonic disc, which is basically the starting point for the baby. On one side, the "abembryonic pole" โ that's the side away from where the embryo is really developing โ some flattened cells come from the hypoblast. The hypoblast is one of the initial layers of cells. These flattened cells form a thin layer called the exocoelomic (Heuser's) membrane.
This membrane then lines the inside of the cytotrophoblast. Think of the cytotrophoblast as one of the outer layers of cells surrounding the developing embryo. Now, this Heuser's membrane, along with the hypoblast itself, lines a cavity. That cavity is the exocoelomic cavity, and it's also known as the primitive yolk sac. So basically, the hypoblast gives rise to the Heuser's membrane, and together they form the lining of this initial yolk sac.
Slide 15
So, we're looking at a picture of the uterus, specifically the endometrium. That's the inner lining of the uterus, where the baby implants. You see the "Endometrial gland"? Those glands are in the endometrium and they're important for nourishing the early embryo.
Now, pay attention to the "Bilaminar embryonic disc." This is a super early form of the embryo itself. It's made of two layers: the "Hypoblast" and the "Epiblast". These layers will eventually form all the different tissues and organs of the baby.
The "Blastocyst cavity" is a fluid-filled space inside the blastocyst, which is the early stage of the embryo before implantation. The "Uterine cavity" is just the main space inside the uterus.
Then you've got the "Cytotrophoblast" and "Syncytiotrophoblast." These are layers of cells that surround the blastocyst. They're responsible for burrowing into the uterine wall and establishing a connection for nutrients. The syncytiotrophoblast is like a super cell, it's a mass of cytoplasm with many nuclei.
Finally, we have the "Amnion" and "Amniotic cavity." The amnion is a membrane that surrounds the developing embryo, and the amniotic cavity is the space filled with fluid that cushions and protects the baby. This is where the baby chills out during pregnancy. Here's something cool: all this is happening super early, like within the first couple of weeks after fertilization.
Slide 16
First, you got the Cytotrophoblast. Think of it as the inner layer of the outer shell surrounding the whole shebang.
Then there's the Syncytiotrophoblast. This layer is super important because it's the part that's actually digging into the uterine wall. It's invasive, meaning it's pushing its way into the mom's tissue to make sure the embryo gets nice and cozy and gets all the nutrients it needs.
Inside all that, you've got the Hypoblast and Epiblast. These two layers make up the bilaminar disc. It's basically the very, very early version of the embryo itself. The Hypoblast and Epiblast will eventually turn into all the different parts of the baby.
Finally, you see the Endometrial capillary. Thatโs a tiny blood vessel in the lining of the uterus. It's super close to the developing embryo so that the mom's blood can deliver oxygen and nutrients to the baby. This is really important for the baby to grow.
Slide 17
Now, around all this, there's this layer called the syncytiotrophoblast. That's a mouthful, I know! Within the syncytiotrophoblast, you see these little spaces called lacunae. These lacunae are super important because maternal blood, that's the mother's blood, starts flowing into them. This is really important because it's the very beginning of how the developing embryo gets nutrients and oxygen from the mom. It's the start of the placenta forming. So, you've got the amniotic cavity forming inside, and the lacunae filling with maternal blood outside - that's the key takeaway.
Slide 18
So, we're looking at a cross-section of the blastocyst โ that's the early embryo โ nestled inside the uterine lining. Think of it like a tiny seed planting itself in the wall of the uterus.
First up, we have the Syncytiotrophoblast. This is the outer layer, and it's super important. It's got these spaces called Trophoblastic lacunae. These lacunae fill with maternal blood, allowing the embryo to get nutrients. Think of the Syncytiotrophoblast as being like the roots of a plant, grabbing what it needs. The diagram shows these lacunae with red blood vessels in them, emphasizing this nutrient exchange.
Underneath the Syncytiotrophoblast is the Cytotrophoblast. This is another layer of cells. It's a cellular layer that supports the Syncytiotrophoblast.
Now, inside the embryo, we have the Amniotic cavity. This is a fluid-filled space that will eventually surround and protect the developing baby.
Below the Amniotic cavity, you'll see the Epiblast and Hypoblast. These two layers together form what's called the bilaminar disc. This is really important because these two layers will eventually give rise to all the different tissues and organs of the body.
The diagram also shows the Exocoelomic membrane. This membrane surrounds the Primitive yolk sac. The Primitive yolk sac is highlighted in yellow on the diagram.
Finally, there's the Fibrin coagulum. This is basically a blood clot at the implantation site. It helps to seal everything up and keep the embryo in place.
Slide 19
The surface epithelium, which is like the skin cells lining the uterus, pretty much covers up the small hole that was made when the blastocyst first started burrowing in. This is really important because it's like patching up a wound.
And here's something cool: the whole thing causes a little bump that sticks out into the lumen of the uterus. The lumen is basically the open space inside the uterus. So, itโs like a tiny little hill forming on the uterine wall.
Slide 20
First, you get these trophoblastic lacunae. Think of them as little holes or spaces forming within the trophoblast. These spaces start connecting with each other, making a network of intercommunicating spaces. This is more noticeable at the embryonic pole โ that's the end where the embryo itself is developing. At the opposite end, the abembryonic pole, the trophoblast is mostly made up of cytotrophoblast cells, which are a specific type of cell within the trophoblast.
Now, here's something cool. The syncytiotrophoblast cells, which are another type of cell in the trophoblast, start burrowing deeper into the uterine lining (the stroma). As they do this, they erode the walls of the mom's tiny blood vessels, called maternal capillaries. These capillaries get all swollen and congested โ we call them sinusoids. The syncytial lacunae (those spaces I mentioned earlier) then merge with these sinusoids. This means maternal blood now flows into the lacunar system. When this happens, we've established the uteroplacental circulation - that's the start of the blood supply between the mom and the developing embryo.
Slide 21
So, first up, we've got the "Trophoblastic lacunae". These are like little spaces or pools that develop within the trophoblast (that's the outer layer of cells surrounding the embryo). These lacunae are super important because they fill up with maternal blood from the "Maternal sinusoids". The maternal sinusoids are basically blood vessels from the mom that get all dilated and leaky, allowing for the exchange of nutrients and waste between mom and the developing embryo. Think of it like the first connection between the mom and baby.
Next, we have "Endoderm cells". These are cells that will eventually form the lining of the gut, respiratory system, and a bunch of other important organs. They're one of the first cell layers to differentiate in the embryo.
Then there's the "Extraembryonic coelom". This is a big cavity that forms outside the embryo itself, within the extraembryonic mesoderm. It's like a fluid-filled space that helps with cushioning and development. Inside this coelom, you'll find the "Exocoelomic cavity," which is also called the "primitive yolk sac". It's lined by the "Exocoelomic membrane". The yolk sac, even though it's called that, doesn't really have yolk like a chicken egg. In humans, it's more involved in early blood cell formation.
Finally, we have the "Extraembryonic splanchnopleuric mesoderm" and "Extraembryonic somatopleuric mesoderm". These are two layers of mesoderm (another type of embryonic tissue) that are outside the embryo. The splanchnopleuric mesoderm is closely associated with the endoderm and the yolk sac, while the somatopleuric mesoderm is associated with the trophoblast. These layers contribute to the formation of supporting structures for the embryo, like the umbilical cord and membranes. It's all about setting up the environment for the little guy to grow!
Slide 22
So, we're looking at a section of the uterus where the embryo has implanted. You see those Lacunae (maternal blood)? Those are like little pools of the mother's blood. This is how the developing embryo gets its initial nutrients. Then, you've got the Endometrial glands, these glands in the uterine lining provide secretions that also nourish the early embryo.
Here's something cool: there's the Connecting stalk which will eventually become the umbilical cord. Inside all of this, there's the Amniotic cavity, this space fills with fluid and cushions the embryo as it grows. Next to it is the Yolk sac, which is important for early blood cell formation.
Now, the Bilaminar embryonic disc is key. It's made of two layers: the Ectoderm and the Endoderm. The Ectoderm eventually forms things like skin and the nervous system, and the Endoderm forms the lining of the gut and respiratory system. Surrounding all this is the Cytotrophoblast, a layer of cells that helps the embryo implant and interact with the mother's tissues. And finally, on the outside, you've got the Endometrial epithelium, that's the lining of the uterus itself. This whole setup shows the very early stages of interaction between the mom and the developing baby.
Slide 23
So, we're talking about changes happening very early on in development. The first big thing is the formation of the Extraembryonic mesoderm. This is really important. A new bunch of cells shows up. These cells pop up between two layers: the inner surface of the Cytotrophoblast (which is part of the outer layer of the developing embryo) and the outer surface of the Exocoelomic cavity (which is a fluid-filled space).
Now, where do these new cells come from? They're derived from the Yolk Sac cells. These cells create a loose, connective tissue. This loose tissue is what we call the Extraembryonic Mesoderm. This Extraembryonic Mesoderm fills up all the space. It sits between the Trophoblast (the outer layer) on the outside and the Amnion and Exocoelomic membrane on the inside. Basically, it's like a cushion filling the space.
Slide 24
So, in the left diagram, we're looking at a cross-section of this early embryo. You've got the Amniotic cavity โ that's the space where the baby will eventually chill, filled with fluid. Around that cavity is the Epiblast, a layer of cells that will give rise to the actual embryo. Then there's the Trophoblast, the outer layer that's super important for implantation into the uterus and forming the placenta later on. Below the trophoblast is the Extraembryonic mesoderm, which is basically a layer of cells that'll help with support and nutrient transfer.
Underneath the epiblast, you've got the Hypoblast. This forms the Primitive yolk sac, which is like the early nutrient source before the placenta is fully up and running. The Exocoelomic membrane lines the outside of this yolk sac.
Now, shifting over to the right diagram, things are getting a bit more complex. You see the Trophoblastic lacunae โ these are spaces within the trophoblast that fill with Maternal sinusoids, which are basically blood vessels from the mom. So, the embryo is starting to get nutrients directly from the maternal blood.
Inside, you've got Endoderm cells near the center. The Exocoelomic cavity, which used to be the primitive yolk sac, is now getting surrounded by the Extraembryonic coelom โ this is a fluid-filled space. The Exocoelomic membrane still lines the cavity. And finally, you've got the Extraembryonic splanchnopleuric mesoderm and Extraembryonic somatopleuric mesoderm. These are different layers of mesoderm that are going to contribute to different structures supporting the developing embryo. Basically, these layers are all about setting up the support system for the growing baby!
Slide 25
Now, this extraembryonic mesoderm isn't all the same. It differentiates, meaning it becomes different types of tissues with different functions. There are two types here: The part of the extraembryonic mesoderm that lines the cytotrophoblast (an inner layer of the trophoblast) and the amnion (the membrane surrounding the amniotic cavity) is called the extraembryonic somatic mesoderm. Here's something cool - the other part, the extraembryonic mesoderm that covers the yolk sac, is called the extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm. This difference in location means they'll have different roles later on.
Slide 26
First, you've got the **maternal sinusoid**. These are basically blood-filled spaces from the mom's side, think of them as little pools of maternal blood. Then there's the **endometrial stroma**, that's the tissue of the uterus lining itself, where all this is happening.
Now, check out the **trophoblastic lacunae**. These are little spaces within the trophoblast, the outer layer of cells that will eventually form part of the placenta. These lacunae fill up with the mom's blood from those maternal sinusoids.
There's the **connecting stalk**, which is like a little bridge connecting the developing embryo to the outer layers.
You've got two layers of the trophoblast: the **cytotrophoblast**, which is the inner layer, and the **syncytiotrophoblast**, which is the outer layer. The syncytiotrophoblast is super important because it's directly involved in getting nutrients from the mom's blood to the embryo.
Then you have the **amniotic cavity**, which is a fluid-filled space that will surround and protect the developing embryo. Also, the **primary yolk sac** is there, which provides nutrients to the embryo in these early stages.
Finally, at the bottom, there's a **mucous plug**. This is what seals the cervix, the opening of the uterus, to protect the developing embryo. Day 12 just tells you how far along the development is. This is really important for understanding early pregnancy.
Slide 27
Then, around the 5th day after fertilization, the blastocyst basically breaks free from the Zona Pellucida. This escape is called "hatching," like a chick hatching from an egg. After hatching, the blastocyst gets cozy with the endometrium. The endometrium is the lining of the uterus.
The blastocyst touches the endometrium directly with its embryonic pole โ that's the part of the blastocyst where the embryo is developing. This is how it sticks to the endometrium and begins the process of embedding itself into the uterine wall. This initial contact and sticking is called adhesion.
Slide 28
So, you have this thing called a blastocyst, right? It needs to burrow into the endometrium, which is the lining of the uterus. This is really important for the pregnancy to continue.
The outer layer of the blastocyst is made of Trophoblast cells. These Trophoblast cells are the key players here. They don't just sit there; they actively invade the epithelium (that's the surface layer of the endometrium) and the underlying endometrial stroma (that's the supporting tissue).
Here's something cool: The Trophoblast cells use proteolytic enzymes to do this. Think of proteolytic enzymes as tiny molecular scissors. They break down the proteins in the epithelium and stroma, allowing the blastocyst to "sink" or embed itself into the endometrium. Basically, the blastocyst is making its own little comfy nest by digesting the surrounding tissue.
Slide 29
So, after implantation, the decidual reaction happens. Basically, the endometrium (that's the lining of the uterus) changes around the implantation site. It's like the uterus is making itself comfy for the blastocyst. The area where the blastocyst burrowed in gets sealed off by a fibrin coagulum โ think of it like a tiny blood clot bandage โ around the 9th day.
Then, around the 11th to 12th day, the blastocyst is totally embedded in the endometrium. It's snuggled in there completely. Now, here's something cool: the syncytial lacunae (these are little spaces in the outer layer of the blastocyst) become connected with the mother's blood vessels. This establishes the uteroplacental circulation. It's how the mom's blood starts supplying nutrients to the developing embryo. Think of it like setting up the plumbing system to feed the baby.
Finally, by the 13th day, the surface defect in the endometrium, where the blastocyst entered, has usually healed up. The uterus is patching itself up.
Slide 30
So, we're talking about what happens when the blastocyst (that's the early embryo) doesn't implant correctly. There are two main issues here: failure of implantation altogether, and implantation in the wrong place.
First, failure of implantation. Many things can cause this. For example, the presence of an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) โ that's a birth control device placed inside the uterus โ can prevent the blastocyst from attaching. Also, abnormalities in the uterus (like a rudimentary uterus, which is an underdeveloped uterus) or tumors in the uterine cavity can also stop implantation. Basically, anything that messes up the lining of the uterus can prevent the embryo from implanting.
Second, abnormal site of implantation. Here's something cool: the blastocyst might implant *outside* the uterine cavity. This is called an ectopic pregnancy. It's a big problem because the pregnancy can't develop properly outside the uterus, and it can be life-threatening for the mother.
Slide 31
So, the slide lists where this can happen. The most common spot, like 95% of the time, is in the Fallopian tube, specifically in a part called the ampulla of the uterine tube. Think of the Fallopian tube as the highway the egg travels on to get to the uterus. If it gets stuck there and starts growing, that's a tubal pregnancy.
But it can also happen in other places, though much less often. It could be in the cervix of the uterus โ that's the opening to the uterus. Or even on the ovary itself. Another spot is the rectouterine pouch โ thatโs the space between the uterus and the rectum. Sometimes, it can even implant on the mesentery of the small intestine โ the mesentery is like the tissue that holds the small intestine in place. And, here's something cool, it can even implant in the scar from a previous Cesarean section.
The problem is, none of these places are designed for a pregnancy to grow. So, in most ectopic pregnancies, the embryo, unfortunately, doesn't survive past the second month. And a major risk is severe hemorrhaging in the mother because these locations can't support the growing pregnancy and the blood vessels can rupture.
Slide 32
There are different types of Placentapraevia depending on how close the placenta is to the internal os.
First, you have Placentapraevia lateralis. This is where the placenta is implanted in the lower part of the uterus, but it's still a little higher than the cervix. So, it's close, but not directly covering the opening.
Next, there's Placentapraevia marginalis. In this case, the placenta is implanted right at the margin (or edge) of the cervix. It's touching the internal os, but not completely covering it.
Finally, there's Placentapraevia centralis. This is the most dangerous type, because the placenta completely covers the internal os. This can cause severe bleeding, especially as the cervix starts to dilate during labor. It's the most likely to require a C-section.
Slide 33
These moles only express paternal genes. What likely happens is an egg gets fertilized, but the egg doesn't have a nucleus โ it's "non-nucleated". Then, the chromosomes from the sperm duplicate to restore the normal diploid number, which is a complete set. So, it's all paternal genetic material.
Here's something cool: These moles secrete a lot of human chorionic gonadotropin, or hCG. You might know hCG as the pregnancy hormone. Because they secrete so much hCG, pregnancy tests will be strongly positive. Now, these moles can be benign, meaning they're not cancerous, but they can also become cancerous. If they become cancerous, we call them an "invasive mole" or "choriocarcinoma". This is really important because choriocarcinoma is a type of aggressive cancer.
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Okay, look man, let me break down the second week of embryonic development for you, like, straight from the lecture. This is really important stuff for understanding how everything gets started. **Second Week of Development: Bilaminar Germ Disc Formation and Implantation** The second week of devel...
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